Objective The objective of this study was to utilize proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to assess metabolites in cerebellar nuclei in unmedicated patients with insomnia disorder. Methods 1H-MRS was performed on cerebellar nuclei in 23 unmedicated patients with insomnia disorder (insomnia group) and 18 normal sleepers (control group). N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing compound (Cho) and creatine (Cr) were measured and the ratios of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr were determined.Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used to assess the subjective sleep quality and insomnia severity of all subjects, while State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess the levels of anxiety and depression of all subjects. Sleep parameters of all subjects were measured by polysomnography (PSG). Results Mean NAA/Cr ratio of right cerebellar nuclei in insomnia group was significantly lower than that in control group (1.72±0.37 vs. 2.03±0.50, t=2.280, P=0.028). Mean NAA/Cr ratio of right cerebellar nuclei was significantly higher than that of left cerebellar nuclei within control group (2.03±0.50 vs. 1.68±0.21, t=3.386, P=0.004). There was no significant difference with regard to NAA/Cr ratio between bilateral cerebellar nuclei within insomnia group (t=1.416, P=0.171). Across all subjects, PSQI global scores (r=-0.369, P=0.018), and sleep latency (r=-0.437, P=0.004) and number of awakenings after sleep onset (r=-0.432, P=0.005) measured by PSG were negatively correlated with NAA/Cr ratios of right cerebellar nuclei, while percentages of stage 3 sleep (r=0.377,P=0.015) measured by PSG were positively correlated with NAA/Cr ratios of right cerebellar nuclei,respectively. Conclusion Patients with insomnia disorder have a hemispherically lateralized metabolic disturbance of NAA/Cr in right cerebellar nuclei,indicating that patients with insomnia disorder have neuronal damage in right cerebellar nuclei.

Objective To discuss the unique biological,histological and clinical features of pediatric renal cell carcinoma (RCC).Methods A retrospective review and biological analysis of all RCC cases presenting to our hospital from January 1973 to March 2012 was undertaken.Results Twenty-nine RCC pediatric patients (16 boys,13 girls) with mean age of 9.6 (range 2.5-16.0) years were identified.The presentations included hematuria in 17 (58.6％) cases with 3 who developed hematuria after trauma,abdominal mass with hematuria in 3 (10.3％),abdominal mass in 3,abdominal pain in 2,abdominal pain with hematuria in 1,and incidentally finding in 3.The diameter of tumor was from 2.5 cm to 25.0 cm,mean 6.8 cm.According to TNM stage grouping system,16 cases were stage Ⅰ,10 stage Ⅲ,and 3 stage Ⅳ.Xp1 1.2 translocation RCC was identified in 21 patients,clear cell RCC 6,papillary RCC 2.Of the 29 cases,3 patients with the tumor less than 7-cm had nephron-sparing surgery.A 15-cm tumor was incompletely removed in 1 patient and another patient with a 25 cm× 18 cm×15 cm tumor had gross residual.Nephrectomy was performed for the affected kidney in the remaining 24 patients.Twenty-one patients (Xp1 1.2 translocation RCC 13 patients,clear cell RCC 6,papillary RCC only 2) were followed up from 1.5 to 34.0 years,18 were living well (T1N0M0 in 11 cases,T1N1M0 in 2,T2N1M0 in 3,T3N1M0 in 1 and T4N1M1 in 1) and 3 died of recurrence.Conclusions Although RCC is rare in children,pediatric RCC behaves in a distinct fashion compared with adult forms of RCC.Hematuria is the main symptom in pediatric RCC.Xp11.2 translocation RCC is the predominant form,associated with an advanced stage at diagnosis.Nephrectomy is the common treatment for RCC and nephron sparing surgery could be a reasonable option for patients with tumor smaller than 7 cm.For localized RCC (T1-2 N0-1 M0),simple kidney removal surgery is sufficient for treatment without lymph node dissection and postoperative adjuvant treatment.

Objective To investigate the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of nephroblastomatosis (Nbm) combined with Wilms'tumor (WT). Methods Clinical data of six patients treated for WT combined with Nbm in Beijing Children's Hospital from 2006 to 2010 were reviewed retrospectively.The patients'ages ranged from five to 14 months.Two of the patients were female and four were male.The WTs were left-sided in four cases and right-sided in two cases.The Nbms were ipsilateral with WT in three cases,contralateral in two cases and bilateral in one case. The Nbms were single In three cases and multiple in three cases.WTs were all single and the maximum diameter was 3,4,8,10,11,and 12 cm respectively.Two paitents underwent nephrectomy.Nephron sparing surgery and upper and lower pole nodule biopsy was conducted in two cases,Nephrectomy and contralateral nephron sparing surgery was conducted in an additional two cases.Adjuvant chemotherapy included vincristine,actinomycin and doxorubicin. Results One patient had tumor recurrence 33 months after a 15 month regimen of postoperative chemotherapy. One patient had tumor recurrence and died after nephron sparing surgery 5 months after a 11 month regimen of chemotherapy.Four patients underwent 6 months of chemotherapy,and it was 9,12,and 21 months respectively after stop of chemotherapy.Another patient was still in chemotherapy. Conclusions Nbm is a pre-neoplastic proliferative process with high risk of developing WT.Chemotherapy may reduce the rate of Nbm malignancy.If Nbm is malignant or chemotherapy is invalid,nephron sparing surgery is recommended.

Objective To discuss the management of the congenital vesicoureteral junction obstruction (UVJO). Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed of patients who underwent ureteral reimplantation due to UVJO between 2003 and 2008. Of the 73 patients with 83 ureters (male 49 and female 24, age range 8 months to 13 years, median 41 months). Forty-one cases were on the left, 22 were on the right and 10 were bilateral obstruction. The most common presenting symptoms were intermittent abdominal pain and urinary infection. All patients were evaluated preoperatively by ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram, intravenous pyelogram and diagnosed as UVJO. Reimplantation was done by the Cohen technique in all patients. Results Follow-up of 46 patients ranged 0.5-3.5 years postoperatively, including ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram, intravenous pyelogram. Hydronephrosis improve in 41 patients, had no change in 5 ureters. Conclusions Symptomatic children or advanced hydroureteronephrosis are definite indication for surgical treatment of UVJO patients. Surgical management could be effective for most of patients.

Objective:To investigate the reversing effect of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, LY294002(LY) and wortmannin (Wort), on the drug resistance of mitoxantrone (MIT)-resistant human breast cancer MCF-7/MIT cells. Methods:Drug-resistant MCF-7/MIT cells were treated with LY or Wort combined with MIT. Cell viability and proliferation were measured using the MTT assay and morphological changes were recorded by microscopy. Intracellular accumulation of MIT in MCF-7/MIT cells was detected by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by rhodamine 123 staining. Cell cycle was examined by propidium iodide staining. Results:LY significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of MIT to MCF-7/MIT cells. In LY and MIT cotreated cells, the percentage of cells arrested at S and G2/M phases and the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased significantly compared with single LY- or MIT-treated cells. The mechanism was related with increased accumulation of MIT in MCF-7/MIT cells induced by LY. While Wort, another PI3K inhibitor, did not significantly enhance the cytotoxic effects of MIT.Conclusion: The PI3K inhibitor significantly enhances the sensitivity of MCF-7/MIT cells to MIT.

Objective To establish a stable and repeatable experimental partial bladder outlet obstruction(p-BOO)rat model and to figure out the impaction of p-BOO on detrusor biomechanical properties.Methods P-BOO animal model was established by partialligation of the bladder neck of male Wistar rats,a urethra stricture by laying a trochar outside of bladder neck.The rats were divided into sham-operation group,P-BOO 6 weeks group(P-B006W)and P～BOO 12 weeks group(PBOO12W)by time.Cystomety was performed in P-BOO6W and the rats were divided into detrusor instability group(DI)and destrusor stability group(DS)on the basis of destrusor stability.The active contraction of detrusor muscle stripes to Carbachol was recorded with tensile foree transducer.The compliance and maximum volume of bladder,bladder leak point pressure were examined by filling cystometry.Results The bladders of P-BOO animal model demonstrated typical post obstruction alterations after P-BOO.The maximum volume increased significantly in DI group(10.8±3.0)ml,DS group(10.3±1.9)ml and P-B0012W group(9.5±2.3)ml as compared with that in sham-operation group(2.1±0.3)ml(P＜0.05).The bladder leak point pressures were significantly higher in DI group(39.4±7.1)cm H2O,DS group(35.9±6.2)cmH2O and P-B0012W group(48.6±9.5)cm H2O as compared with that in sham-operation group(16.2±2.1)cm H2O(P＜0.05).The bladder compliances were significantly higher in 13I group(0.27±0.08)ml/cm H2O,DS group(0.29±0.05)ml/cm H2O and P-BOO12W group(0.21±0.05)ml/cm H2O as compared with that in sham-operationgroup(0.13±0.03)ml/cm H20(P＜0.05).The detrusor contractile force of DI group was significantly lower than that in the sham-operation group and DS group(P＜0.05).No definite contraction wave was detected in the detrusor muscle of P-BOO12W group(amplitude＜0.05g).Conclusions There are 2 different types of the detrusor contraction after P-BOO:DI group with impaired contraction and conversely DS group with compensatory contraction.The contractility of detrusor muscle will be damaged and even irreversible contractile function incapacitation will occur if the obstruction is not removed.The effect of bladder stability tO bladder compliance is inconspicuous and there is close correlation between bladder compliance and bladder capacity.

Objective To evaluate the long-term functional results, complications and patient's satisfaction level in patients performed augmented enterocystoplasty and continent urinary diversion using the appendix. Methods From 1999 to 2005, there were 22 children (12 males and 10 females) underwent augmented enterocystoplasty and continent urinary diversion using the appendix. Surgical results were reviewed retrospectively. There were 11 eases with bladder and urethra dysfunction attributed to neurogenic bladder, 2 cases with complex genitourinary malformation associated with an imperforated anus, 2 cases with exstrophy-epispadias complex, 2 cases with posterior urethral valves, 3 cases with failed urethrovaginal fistula repair and 2 epispadias cases with post failure of Young-Dees- Leadbetter bladder neck reconstruction. Upper urinary tract dilatation and hydroureteronephrosis were found in 17 eases (28 units), including grade Ⅱ-Ⅴ vesicoureteral reflux in 15 children (24 units). Simultaneous procedures included ureteral reimplantation in 15 cases and bladder neck closure in 14 cases. The appendix was used as the catheterizable conduit placed in the right lower abdomen and clean intermittent catheterization was performed in all patients. Outcomes were assessed by urodynamic study, IVU, ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography, BUN, Cr and electrolyte test. Results Mean follow-up was 3.6 years, ranging from 1.5-6 years. Complications included stomal stenosis requiring dilatation in 2 cases and leakage in 2 cases without bladder neck closure and 1 case required surgical revision. All patients achieved excellent stomal continence. No metabolic acidosis and bladder stone was noted. Upper urinary tract impairment had not worsened in all patients. Conclusion Augmented enterocystoplasty and continent urinary diversion using the appendix are associated with high continence, compliance and satisfaction rate and a low complication rate in the treatment of pediatric patients with disorders related to bladder and urethral dysfunction.

Objective To evaluate the application of preserved urethral plate urethroplasty to treat urethral fistula after hypospadias repair. Methods Two hundred and twenty-four cases with u-rethral fistula after hypospadias repair were treated by preserved urethral plate urethroplasty from 2001 to 2006.Follow-up data were reviewed and analyzed.All of these cases had big(>1 cm)ure-thral fistula.One hundred and two failed hypospadias cases were repaired by tubularized incised plateurethroplasty(Snodgrass).The patients were 2-16 years old and mean age was 3.7 years old.In thesame time period,86 failed hypospadias cases were repaired by Duplay urethroplasty.The children were 2-14 years old and mean age was 3.5 years old.Twenty failed hypospadias cases were repaircd by Onlay island flap urethroplasty and another 1 6 failed hypospadias cases were repaired by Flip-Flap urethroplasty. Results Fistulas were successfully repaired in 86(84.3%)cases out of 102 tubular-ized incised plate urethroplasty procedure.There were 1 3 urethral fistulas and 3 urethral strictures.Seventy-five(87.2%)cases were successful out of 86 Duplay procedure.There were 9 urethral fistulas and 2 urethral strictures.There was no significant difference between these tWO groups of results(P>0.05).Nineteen cases were successful out of 20 Onlay urethroplasty procedures and there was only l urethral fistula.Fourteen cases were successful out of 1 6 Flip-Flap procedures and there was onlv 2 u-rethral fistulas. Conclusions Surgical procedure for urethral fistula repair should be chosen accord-ing to the condition of penis.Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty can get same satisfactory result comparing with Duplay method for failed hypospadias repair.More Snodgrass should be used to assure the cosmetic penis.

Objective To discuss the management of urethral duplication in children. Methods The clinical data of 1 8 children(all are males)with urethral duplication were retrospectivelv ana-lyzed. All the 18 patients were sagittal plane included epispadias in 6,hyposPadias in 4 and Y type in the remaining 8. In 6 cases with epispadias,3 patients underwent excision of the accessorv dorsal ure-thra,3 patients without operation.Urethroplasty was necessary in the patient with a duplicated hypo-spadiac urethra. Of 8 patients with Y-type urethral duplication,7 patients underwent 2 stage repair including displacement of the urethra from the anal canal to the perineum at stage 1 and subsequent urethral reconstruction at stage 2.The ventral urethra which was hypospadias had been excised in the other one. Results All the patients were followed-up. Good cosmetic and functional resuIts were a-chieved in the 3 boys who underwent excision of the accessory dorsal urethra.In the hypospadiac du-plication,2 patients could void spontaneously through a normally positioned granular meatus.One boy presented with urethral stenosis after operated. One boy had a vesicostomy for neuropathic bladder. In Y-type urethral duplications,only 1 patient was successful after 2-stage urethroplasty,3 patients de- veloped urethra stricture or fistula,3 boys need the 2-stage operation,the other 0ne who underwent excision of the ventral urethra could void spontaneously. Conclusions Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly.The clinical presentation varies because of the different anatomical Datterns of this abnormality. Commonly the ventral urethra is most functional and maintained after surgical correc-tion.Surgical management should be individual and depend on the anatomical configuration of the du-plicated urethras.

Objective To evaluate the use of Mitrofanoff principle in the field of pediatric urology. Methods From May. 1997 to Dec.1999,the Mirtofanoff principle has been used in 7 children to achieve CIC and urinary continence.The mean age of the patients at operation was 8 years (range 3～14 years).A catheterisable conduit was created using the appendix.Either the cecum,ascending colon or plus the terminal ileum were used instead of the bladder or for augmentation of the bladder after detubularization.7 children consisted of an 8 years old boy has lost his bladder,right ureter and bilateral testis due to traffic accident, 4 children with congenital complete urinary incontinence (urogenital sinus abnormality 1,extrophy of bladder after failed reconstruction 1 and shortened urethra 2),and neurogenic bladder 2. Results Immediate success has been achieved in 5 children (70%),who were completely continent and practiced successful CIC via the Mitrofanoff stoma. Conclusions Use of the Mitrofanoff principle is a valuable procedure for urinary diversion in childhood.