Administration, Topical ; Aged ; Child ; Cyclopropanes ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Female ; Haptens ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Vitiligo ; chemically induced

Cutaneous pseudolymphoma refers to a heterogenous group of benign T-cell or B-cell lymphoproliferative processes that mimic cutaneous lymphoma clinically and sometimes histologically. The causes of cutaneous pseudolymphoma are diverse, including lymphomatoid drug eruptions, lymphomatoid contact dermatitis, arthropod-bite reactions, chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD). Here we describe a case of pseudolymphoma due to hair dye on background of CAD.

Actinomycosis ; complications ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Aged, 80 and over ; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination ; therapeutic use ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Cephalexin ; therapeutic use ; Ciprofloxacin ; therapeutic use ; Clindamycin ; therapeutic use ; Coinfection ; drug therapy ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Pseudomonas Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; Skin Diseases, Bacterial ; complications ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Staphylococcal Skin Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; Thigh ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination ; therapeutic use

Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; administration & dosage ; Arthritis ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; diagnosis ; Clofazimine ; administration & dosage ; Dapsone ; administration & dosage ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Leprostatic Agents ; administration & dosage ; Leprosy ; complications ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prednisolone ; administration & dosage ; Rifampin ; administration & dosage ; Treatment Outcome

Aged ; Delusional Parasitosis ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Psychotropic Drugs ; administration & dosage ; Pyrimidines ; administration & dosage ; Retrospective Studies ; Risperidone ; administration & dosage ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Symptom Assessment ; Treatment Outcome

INTRODUCTIONThis study aimed to assess the frequency of anxiety and depression in a cohort of adult patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) in a tertiary dermatological centre, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). We looked for any correlation between anxiety and depression with skin disease severity.

MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients with AD were recruited from the National Skin Centre, Singapore, from 2008 to 2009 for a prospective cross-sectional study. The scoring atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) grade was determined and the HADS was administered via interviews.

RESULTSA total of 100 patients (78 males, 22 females) were enrolled (92% Chinese, 4% Malays and 4% Indians). Their average age was 25.7 years. Sixty-five percent used topical steroids, 14% had previously taken oral prednisolone for the control of disease flares, and 20% were on concurrent systemic therapy. The mean SCORAD was 55.0, with 99% of patients having moderate or severe AD. The mean HADS anxiety score was 7.2 and the mean depression score was 5.0. The level of anxiety correlated well with that of depression (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, ρ = 0.59,<0.05); 18% were considered as cases of anxiety and 5% as cases of depression. These patients also had higher SCORAD values compared to other patients with lower scores for anxiety or depression (<0.05). Linear regression demonstrated a statistically significant positive relationship between anxiety and depression scores, and SCORAD scores.

CONCLUSIONOur study identified, by means of the HADS, the frequency of anxiety and depression amongst a cohort of Singaporean patients with AD. More severe skin disease correlated to greater psychological burden. The HADS is a useful screening tool that can constitute part of the overall holistic management of patients with AD so as to improve patient care.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; therapeutic use ; Adult ; Anxiety ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Cohort Studies ; Comorbidity ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Tertiary Care Centers