Objective To investigate the relation of event-related potentials (ERPs), which are evoked by calculating and number recognizing stimuli.Methods We examined 26 healthy undergraduate students with double-digit (Arabic numbers) and single-digit modify a prescription problems. While the stimulus information was presented, electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded simultaneously. ERPs were extracted from EEG data, and then the feature and source of ERPs were analyzed.Results Both calculation and number recognizing induced positive and negative components of ERPs with similar wave form and different latency. The latency of ERPs was conspicuously shorter elicited by number recognizing than by calculating. Grand mean mapping showed the highest amplitudes of ERPs were presented in parietal lobe elicited both by calculating and number recognizing.Conclusion The processing of calculating is more complicated than number recognizing. Calculating and number recognizing may have different electrophysiological background, and they belong to diverse processing course in the brain. Parietal lobe is the functional domains of them.

Objective To study the genetic diversity of Fritillaria thunbergii,a traditional Chinese herb in Zhejiang Province in China.Methods The genetic diversity of six representational populations of F.thunbergii including 32 individuals was investigated by amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) maker technique.Results The genetic diversity was revealed as follow: the Nei′s genetic diversity index(He) 0.169 0?0.175 7,Shannon′s information index(I) 0.269 8?0.245 3,percentage of polymorphic loci(PPB) was 76.85% at the species level;Ht 0.169 0?0.030 9,and Hs 0.150 8?0.024 0,I 0.233 3?0.261 9, PPB was 50.38% at population level.The genetic differentiation index(Gst) was 0.107 6,Nm 4.147 0.The result of dendrogram of six populations indicated that Dongyang and Yongkang populations shared the minimum genetic distance(0.015 0),they were classified into a group,and Xiangshan and Jinyun populations shared the maximum genetic distance(0.032 4).Conclusion The genetic diversity of F.thunbergii cultivated in Zhejiang Province is very rich,which could ensure the long-term survival of F.thunbergii.But the genetic diversity of F.thunbergii is relatively higher in population levels while lower at the species levels and the degree of genetic differentiation occured among the populations is not significant.The germplasm resources are relatively stable among these six populations.These populations could be used to breed the fine strains of F.thunbergii as the bases.

Objective ST-T complex change, which represents the ventricle repolarization phase, is the main clinical indicator in detecting myocardial ischemia (MI) based on electrocardiogram (ECG) signals.However, its feature point location is not accurate due to interferences. In this paper, a new approach about myocardial ischemia analysis was proposed based on QRS complex. Methods QRS complex, representing the ventricle depolarization process, was used to analyze myocardial ischemia, and some parameters were extracted synthetically in time domain. Then they were used for statistical analysis of myocardial ischemia states and non-myocardial ischemia states. Results Five parameters had significant differences after verification of Non-MI signals in MIT-BIH database and MI signals in long-term ST database (LTST) and they were: QRS upward and downward slopes, transient heart rate, R angle and Q angle in a triangle QRS. Conclusion Five parameters extracted from QRS complex had significant differences. The proposed method provides an important basis for myocardial ischemia detection.

Objective To observe the genetic structure of cultivated Scrophularia ningpoensis in Zhejiang Province.Methods The genetic structures of six typical S.ningpoensis populations were analyzed by fluorescence AFLP marker.Results Bands(12 552) were generated by seven pairs of AFLP primer combinations,of which 8 808 were polymorphic,and the polymorphic rate was 70.17%.The variety ranges of PPB among different populations were 41.67%—55.56%,and 47.30% in average.I was between 0.190 8—0.238 3,and 0.221 8 in average.Ne was between 1.201 4—1.280 6,and 1.236 9 in average.Gst was 0.127 1,Nm was 3.432 4.UPGMA Cluster analysis showed that the six populations can be divided into two clusters,as that of Tiantai,Jinyun,and Jingning were one sub-cluster,and Dongyang,Pan′an,and Xianju were another one sub-cluster.Conclusion There is a relative high genetic diversity level in cultured S.ningpoensis of Zhejiang Province.Genetic differentiation exists among populations,but it exists in population mostly.There is a relative high genetic intercommunion among populations.The genetic distance is not related to the geographic environment.

Objective To isolate and culture splenic CD11clow CD45RBhigh dendritic cells (DC) derived from endotoxin tolerance (ET) mice and investigate its biological characterization.Methods Mice weighed 20 to 25 gram were completely randomized into two groups including ET group and control group with 6 each.ET mice were modeled by intraperitoneal injection of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for several days (pretreated with LPS 0.1 μg/mouse for 5 d).Mice in control group were given the same volume of normal saline (NS).CD11clowCD45RBhighDC were isolated from spleen by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS).The immunological phenotypes were detected by flow cytometry.The suppressive capacity of CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay in allogenic mixed T cells reaction.The expressions of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 produced by CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Statistical significance was analyzed through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).The homogeneity of variances was detected by Levene test.If variances were homogeneous,the least significant difference (LSD) test was used.If not,Dunnett T3 test was applied.Results The consistence of CD1 1 clow CD45RBhigh DC in control group was 30 ％,reaching the amount of (5.30±0.12) × 105/mouse ;In ET group,the percentage of CD11clow CD45RBhighDC achieved 80 ％ and the production was (1.20 ± 0.13) × 106/mouse the difference was statistically significant (t=3.23,P＜0.01).The cellar morphology in two groups showed no obvious difference.Compared to expression levels of all cell phenotypes (histocompatibility complex-Ⅱ,CD40 and CD80) in normal mice,the cell surface expression levels of CD11clowCD45RBhigh DC in ET mice were much lower.The difference in two groups was statistically significant.Splenic CD11clowCD45RBhighDC derived from ET mice with cell concentration of 1∶ 10,1∶50and 1∶100 had more obvious prohibitory effects on allogenic T cells (t1∶0 =1.36,P1∶10 ＜0.01,t1∶50 =2.49,P1∶50 ＜0.01,1∶100 =1.88,Pm00 ＜0.01).Secretion of IL-10 produced by CD11clowCD45RBhighDC of ET mice was significantly increased (t1∶0=13.63,P1∶10 ＜0.01,t1∶50 =13.45,P1∶50 ＜0.01,t1∶00 =9.31,P1∶00 ＜0.01),but the expression of IL-12 was lower (t1∶0 =2.62,P1∶0 =0.02,1∶∶50 =2.74,P1∶0=0.02,t1∶100 =2.99,P1∶100 =0.01).Conclusion Splenic CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC from ET mice have weaker ability of antigen presenting and allogeneic lymphocytes proliferation stimulating than those from normal mice.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of splenic CD11clow CD45RBhigh dendritic cell (DC)derived from endotoxin tolerance (ET)mice on the expression of zinc finger protein A20 in acute liver failure (ALF)and to clarify the possible mechanism.Methods ET mice were modeled. CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC were isolated from spleen by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS).One hundred and twenty-six healthy male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups:control group (group A,n=6),ALF group (group B,n =40),normal CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC-treated group (group C,n=40),ET-CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC-treated group (group D,n=40).Mice in group B,C and D were injected with D-galactosamine (D-GalN)600 mg/kg and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)10 μg/mouse.Mice in group A were given the same volume of normal saline (NS).Half an hour after the D-GalN/LPS injection,mice in group C were treated with splenic CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC derived from normal mice (1 ×10 6/mouse,0.2 mL/mouse).Mice in group D were treated with splenic CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC derived from ET mice (1 × 10 6/mouse,0.2 mL/mouse).Mice in group A and B were given the same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution (0.2 mL/mouse).Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)levels were measured at each time point.Liver histopathological changes were confirmed by hematoxglin and eosin methods.Expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB),and zinc finger protein A20 were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and Western blot.One-way analysis of variance was used to compare means between groups.Normal distribution and homogeneity of variance were tested.LSD test was conducted in patients accorded with homogeneity of variance.Results ALT and AST levels increased 2 h after modeling in group B and peaked at 24 h,which were significantly higher than groups A (t = 31 .00, 11 .52,both P <0.05).ALT and AST levels also increased after 2 h after modeling and peaked at 24 h in group C and group D,which were both significantly higher than group B (t =14.60,26.43,both P <0.05).The mRNA levels and protein expressions of TNF-αand NF-κB in group B increased gradually and peaked at 12 h after D-GalN/LPS injection.Compared to that of group A,the differences were both statistically significant (t = 427.58,122.42,179.35 ,165 .98,all P < 0.05 ).The mRNA level and protein expression of zinc finger protein A20 in group B decreased gradually and reached the minimum at 12 h after D-GalN/LPS injection,which was statistically different compared to group A (t = 90.80, 160.43,both P <0.05).On the contrary,the levels of zinc finger protein A20 in group C and D increased gradually and peaked at 12 h after D-GalN/LPS injection.The expression level of zinc finger protein A20 in group D was significantly higher than group C (t = 11 .21 ,24.80,both P < 0.05 ).Conclusion Treatment of splenic CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC derived from ET mice contributes to liver protection against D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF.

Objective To investigate the dynamic expressions of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in mice with liver fibrosis and the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) intervention on the expression of EGFR,and to explore a new therapy target for fibrosis.Methods A total of 30 healthy male ICR mice were randomly divided into three groups:6 mice in control group,18 mice in hepatic fibrosis group and 6 mice in BMP-7 intervention group.The model of mice with liver fibrosis was established by subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 12 weeks.After administration of CCl4 for 8 weeks,human recombinant BMP-7 was given into mice in intervention group by intraperitoneal injection for 4 weeks.Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson staining of liver tissues were employed to observe the pathological changes,and the semi-quantitative analysis of liver fibrosis was performed.Blood withdrawn from inferior vena cava was detected for levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and albumin (Alb).The expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)mRNA and TGF-β1,EGFR,phosphorylation EGFR (pEGFR) protein in each group were detected using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.Measurement date was compared using analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis.Results The model of mice with liver fibrosis was successfully established.In model group,the serum levels of ALT and AST increased,while the level of Alb decreased gradually.All these biochemical index improved after intervention of BMP-7 (ALT:[153.9±18.1] U/L vs [191.3±24.5] U/L;AST:[177.8±19.2] U/L vs [206.6±25.0] U/L;Alb:[25.4±0.9] g/L vs [22.2±1.2] g/L; all P＜0.05).With the progress of fibrosis,TGF-β1,EGFR and pEGFR protein expressions increased gradually in model group and reached a peak at week 12,which was significantly different compared to the control group (all P＜0.05).In BMP-7 intervention group,the expressions of the three proteins decreased significantly compared to model group (TGF-β1:0.256 ± 0.006 vs 0.287±0.014,EGFR:1.061±0.017 vs 1.094±0.014,pEGFR:0.855±0.053 vs 1.007±0.063;all P＜0.05).Additionally,linear correlation analysis showed that expressions of both EGFR and pEGFR proteins were positively correlated with TGF-β1 protein (rs =0.895 and 0.859,respectively; both P＜0.05).Conclusions BMP-7 can suppress the pathogenesis of mouse liver fibrosis.The mechanism may rely on the regulation of EGFR and TGF-β1 expressions.

Objective To study the effect of endotoxin tolerance (ETT) on chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) in the liver tissue of rats with acute liver failure (ALF).Methods SD male rats were randomly divided into three groups:normal group,ALF group and ETT group.The rats in the ETT group and ALF group were injected with lipopolysacharide (LPS) 0.1 mg/kg or saline respectively,one time / day for 5 days.At 24 hours after the 5th-day injection,all rats were injected with D-GalN 800 mg/kg and LPS 8μg/rat.Blood sample and liver tissue were collected on 2,6,12,24 and 48 hours after injection.The gene expressions of CXCR7 in the liver were measured by RT-PCR,and the protein expressions of CXCR7 were determined by Western Blot.The data analysis was performed by LSD,Dunnett's t test.Results The histological damage in the liver tissue was significantly mider in ETT group compared to ALF group.The gene expressions of CXCR7 were significantly milder in ETT group compared to ALF group (2 h:F =29.222,6 h:F=166.892,12 h:F=38.975,24h:F=34.603,48 h:F=18.929,allP＜0.01),but still severer than that of normal group.The CXCR7 protein expression in ALF group and ETT group peaked at 24 hours,but the expression of CXCR7 in ETT group was lower compared with that in in ALF group (2h:F=11.155,6 h:F=42.553,12h:F=17.082,all P＜0.01; 24 h:F=7.242,P＜0.05).Conclusions During the process of endotoxin tolerance,LPS pretreatment and D-GalN can decrease the liver injury,down-regulate the expressions of CXCR7mRNA and CXCR7.This suggests that CXCR7 may play an important role in the ETT.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of endotoxin tolerance (ETT) through observing the expression of OX40 in liver tissues of ETT rats.Methods SD male rats were randomly divided into three groups:normal group (n=6),acute liver failure (ALF) group (n=24) and ETT group (n=24).Lipopolysacharide (LPS) 0.1 mg/kg (ETT groups) or 0.9 ％NaC1 (ALF groups) was administered by five consecutive intraperitoneal injections at 24 h intervals,and at the sixth day,all animals were treated with intraperitoneal injections of D-galactosamine (D-GalN) 800 mg/kg and LPS 8 μg/rat.Blood and liver tissue were collected at 6,12,24 and 48 hours after the injection of D-GalN/LPS.The gene expression of OX40 in the liver was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The protein expression of OX40 was estimated by Western blot.The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The data analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA,lease significant difference (LSD) and Dunnett's T3 test.Results The expressions of TNF α and IL-6 were both significantly lower in ETT group compared to ALF group,but still higher than that of control group.The gene expressions of OX40 peaked at 12 hours and decreased gradually in ALF group.The gene expressions of OX40 were significantly lower in ETT group compared to ALF group (6 h:F=5.027,24 h:F=5.539,48 h:F=5.011,all P＜0.05; 12 h:F=36.688; P＜0.01),but still higher than that of normal group.The tendency of OX40 protein expression in ALF group was peaked at 12 hours and decreased at 24 hours.In ETT group,the expression of OX40 was lower,and the difference between ETT group and ALF group had statistical significance (6 h:F=8.658,P＜0.05; 12 h:F=34.611,24 h:F=28.176,48 h:F=16.747; all P＜0.01).Conclusions The level of OX40 is increased in ALF group,while the expressions of OX40,TNF-α and IL-6 are lower in ETT group,which suggested that OX40 may play an important role in the process of ETT.

To effectively identify the Astragalus and its adulterants based on ITS2 sequence and secondary structure, in this study, 32 portions of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Beg.) Hsiao and Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. collected were conducted ITS2 sequence amplification and bidirectional sequencing, whose results were then spliced by CExpress software remove the 5.8S and 28S sequences at both ends to obtain a complete ITS2 sequence. In addition, 3 ITS2 sequences for each of the adulterants of Astragalus, respectively, Oxytropis coerulea, Caragana sinica, Hedysarum polybotrys, Althaea rosea were downloaded from GenBank. The intra-specific and inter-specific genetic distances were calculated by the software MEGA7 to analyze the difference of each sequence; the Neighbor-joining (NJ) method was used to construct the phylogenetic tree based on ITS2 sequence (primary structure) as well as joint ITS2 sequence and its secondary structure. The results showed that the average ITS2 sequence length of both A. mongolicus and A. membranaceus was 216 bp, and their average GC content was 50.00% and 50.46%, respectively. The similarity of ITS2 sequence length and GC content between the two kind of Astragalus and Oxytropis coerulea was the highest, while the ITS2 sequence length and GC content of Althaea rosea showed great differences with those of Astragalus. The inter-specific distance between Astragalus and Oxytropis coerulea was the smallest, while that between the medicinal Astragalus and Hedysarum polybotrys, Caragana sinica as well as Althaea rosea was great. The phylogenetic trees constructed based on the ITS2 sequence (primary structure) and joint ITS2 sequence and its secondary structure showed that the topological relations of the two phylogenetic trees were basically the same, and both could effectively identify the Astragalus and its adulterants. What’s more, the addition of secondary structure information made end branch of the phylogenetic tree become more in its construction, and the distinguish ability and approval rating were also improved, which further reflected the genetic relationship of Astragalus and its adulterants. This provides some scientific basis for classification and accurate identification of Astragalus and its adulterants.