Neuropathological, clinical epidemiology and animal models studies provide clear evidence for the activation of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is linked with reduced risk to develop the disease. But the clinical trials got a negative outcome with traditional NSAIDs treating AD. The therapeutic effects of NSAIDs on Alzheimer's disease are still not clear based on the present research. Profound study for anti-inflammatory mechanisms and standardized clinical trials are needed. As cause and effect relationships between neuroinflammation and AD are being worked out, the challenge is how to realize the effect of traditional NSAIDs on treating AD.

Objective To study the effects of rehabilitation training on the synaptic ultrastructure of the brain cortex after cerebral ischemia.Methods Sixty rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group,a cerebral ischemia group and a rehabilitation training group.A model of focal cerebral ischemia was created in the rats of the cerebral ischemia and rehabilitation training groups.The rehabilitation training group was given balancing,grasping,rotation and walking training every day.The sham operation group and cerebral ischemia group were kept in normal cages,taking food and moving freely.Electron microscopy was used to observe the density and ultrastructure of the cortical synapses at days 1,7,14 and 21 after the operation.Results In the sham operation group there were numerous synaptic terminals in the cortical neuropil.The majority of synapses were Gray type Ⅱ,containing spherical synaptic vesicles in presynaptic elements.After cerebral ischemia,the number of synaptic terminals had decreased and the synaptic structure was damaged.The synaptic vesicles lessened and dissolved.The presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes became unclear.At 21d after ischemia,the synaptic vesicles had disappeared and the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes were damaged so seriously that the typical synaptic structure disappeared.After rehabilitation training,the damaged synaptic terminals recovered.Conclusions The synaptic structure was damaged after cerebral ischemia,and the damaged synaptic terminals recovered after rehabilitation training.Rehabilitation training can enhance synaptogenesis in the brain's cortex after cerebral ischemia and promote the recovery of motor function,at least in rats.

Trichinella spiralis,Ascaris lumbricoides,and Taenia crassiceps are all parasitic helminths that can infect humans.After invading host,the parasites can induce immune responses such as activation of immune cells and induction of cytokines in the host.The immune responses induced by parasitic helminths have similarities with anti-tumor immune responses.Recent studies have demonstrated that infection of Trichinella spiralis,Ascaris lumbricoides,or Taenia crassiceps can inhibit the development of several kinds of tumors to some extent.In this paper,the progress of anti-tumor effects induced by the above-mentioned helminths on liver cancer,lung cancer,breast cancer,malignant melanoma,myeloma,and other cancers is reviewed,which may provide a valuable reference for treatment of tumors by the immune response to helminthic infection.

ABSTRACT:Recently ,prion‐like transmission has been found in various amyloidosis .AApoAII amyloid fibrils in mouse senile amyloidosis have exhibited transmissibility .AApoAII amyloid fibrils ,which were excreted from mice and contained in fe‐ces or milk ,cause mouse senile amyloidosis .However ,transmissibility of AApoAII amyloid fibrils through other pathways has not yet been established .In this study ,we injected AApoAII amyloid fibrils into R1 .P1‐A poa2c mice to induce AApoAII sys‐temic amyloidosis .Two months later ,AApoAII amyloid fibrils ,which deposited in the skeletal muscles of amyloid‐affected mice ,were used to induce AApoAII systemic amyloidosis .Mouse senile amyloidosis which deposited in skeletal muscles could induce secondary transmission of AApoAII amyloidosis .The evidence of transmission through skeletal muscles in non‐prion systemic amyloidosis is found in our study .This pathway of transmission provides new insight into the potential for food‐borne pathogenesis and etiology of systemic amyloidosis .

Aim To investigate the mechanism of high mobility group protein B1(HMGB1)and tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein-3(TNFAIP3)involved in cell proliferation in lupus nephritis(LN)patients and human mesangial cells(HMC).Methods Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry technique were employed to detect HMGB1,TNFAIP3 and IκBα expression levels in glomerular cells of type Ⅳ LN patients.BrdU incorporation technology was used to detect cell proliferation level in HMC after stimulated by recombinant HMGB1.TNFAIP3 and IκBα expression levels in HMC were detected after HMGB1 stimulation by Western blot.Results The expression levels of HMGB1 and TNFAIP3 were increased in LN patients,while IκBα was decreased.HMC proliferation levels increased significantly after HMGB1 stimulation.At the same time,30 minutes after HMGB1 stimulation,the expression level of TNFAIP3 was significantly increased(P<0.05),while IκBα decreased(P<0.05)and then p65 increased significantly(P<0.05),compared with control group.Conclusion HMGB1 and TNFAIP3 are probably involved in mesangial cell proliferation by activating of NF-κB signaling pathways in LN pathogenesis.

Objective: To compare the outcome of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery alone for stage pT1b-3N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the thoracic esophagus. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-eight patients who underwent esophagectomy for stage pT1b-3N0M0 SCC of the thoracic esophagus in Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital, Hebei Medical University between January 2008 and February 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. These included postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for 118 patients and surgery alone for 120 patients. In postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy arm, 3 or 4 cycles of taxol+ cisplatin (TP, n=33) or fluorouracil+ cisplatin (FP, n=85) regimens were given commencing from 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis for prognostic factors was performed by Log-rank test and multivariate by Cox regression model. Results: The 3- and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 57.9% and 53.8%, respectively for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy patients, compared to 40.4% and 32.5% for patients who underwent surgery alone (χ²=11.973, P=0.001). The 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 64.4% and 55.9% in postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy patients, and 46.7% and 33.5% in surgery alone patients (χ²=13.110, P=0.000). Stratification analysis showed that there was significant difference in stage T3 patients (χ²=7.895, P=0.006), but not in stage T1b (χ²=0.762, P=0.383) and T2 (χ²=1.259, P=0.262) patients between adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery alone. Both DFS rate (χ²=1.748, P=0.186) and OS rate (χ²=2.200, P=0.138) of TP group were similar with FP group. Conclusion In lymph node negative esophageal SCC patients, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy shows survival benefits in stage T3 patients.

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI)is an iatrogenic acute kidney injury(AKI)observed after diagnostic or therapeutic angiographic interventions with the intravascular application of contrast media(CM).CM leads to impaired renal function through tubular toxicity,intrarenal vasocon-striction,and excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)production.Dexmedetomidine(DEX)is a selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist that has been shown to have good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,and its organ protective effect in the perioperative period is increasingly prominent.Several studies have found that DEX has an excellent protective effect on postoperative renal function.This article aims to explore the protective effect,possible mechanism,and clinical application of DEX in CI-AKI.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effects of transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic decortication in the treatment of simple renal cysts.Methods:PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and WanFang databases were searched, All studies about comparing transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic decortication for simple renal cysts were included. The evaluation indicators included operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage time, postoperative hospital stay, and complication rate. Statistical analysis of the data using RevMan 5.3 software.Results:A total of 14 control studies were included, 409 cases in the transperitoneal group and 452 cases in the retroperitoneal group. Meta-analysis demonstrated that compared with the transperitoneal group, the retroperitoneal group had shorter operation time ( MD=8.81, 95% CI: 3.79-13.82, P<0.01), less intraoperative blood loss ( MD=4.89, 95% CI: 1.40-8.38, P<0.01), and shorter postoperative hospital stay ( MD=0.60, 95% CI: 0.24-0.96, P<0.01). However, there were not significant differences between the two approaches in postoperative drainage time ( MD=-0.12, 95% CI: -0.26-0.03, P=0.13) and complication rate ( OR=1.47, 95% CI: 0.48-4.47, P=0.05). Conclusions:Compared with the transperitoneal, the retroperitoneal laparoscopic decortication has the advantages of short operation time, less intraoperative blood loss and short postoperative hospital stay. Therefore, retroperitoneal laparoscopic decortication is expected to be the first choice for the treatment of simple renal cysts.

Bladder cancer is a common malignancy in the genitourinary system and the current therapeutic approaches are unsatisfactory. Urinary cell-free DNA (ucf DNA) has the ability to give comprehensive and crucial information on cancer as it carries genetic messages from cells shedding directly into urine as well as transporting from circulation. The ucf DNA of patients with bladder cancer carries disease information, suggesting that ucf DNA may have the ability to detect, monitor, and prognosticate patients with bladder cancer. The ucf DNA analysis bridges the gap between current techniques and enhances diagnostic and detection capabilities, and has a very promising future in term of translation into clinical practice. This article reviewed the progress of clinical applications of ucf DNA in bladder cancer.

Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of mobile APP in telemanagement for patients who received oral warfarin anticoagulant therapy after mechanical heart valve replacement. Methods A prospective cohort study was performed. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 80 patients who underwent mechanical heart valve replacement for more than half a year and received oral warfarin anticoagulant therapy in outpatient department were included in our hospital from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. These patients were divided into a telemanagement group (40 paitents, telemanagement using mobile APP) and a control group (40 patients, anticoagulant management in outpatient clinics) according to patients' wishes and local hospital international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring conditions. After 12-month follow-up, clinical effect of the two groups was compared. The INR, time in therapeutic range (TTR), fraction in therapeutic range (FTTR), anticoagulation-related complications and patient satisfaction were analyzed. Results During the follow-up period of anticoagulation, there was no significant difference in INR between the two groups (P=0.732). The average interval of INR monitoring in the telemanagement group was 3-65 (21.4 ± 12.5) days, while that in the control group was 7-93 (39.6 ± 14.7) days (P=0.012). TTR was 42.7% (6 027.6 d/14 116.0 d) in the control group and 67.9% (10 168.6 d/14 972.0 d) in the telemanagement group (P=0.018). And FTTR in the two groups was 45.6% (144/316) and 67.1% (432/644), respectively (P=0.015). No serious thromboembolism or hemorrhage events occurred in the 80 patients during the 12-month follow-up period. There was no significant difference in the incidence of anticoagulation-related complications, general bleeding and embolism between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion For patients with stable anticoagulation after cardiac mechanical valve replacement, it is safe and effective to telemanagement by mobile APP. Telemanagement can increase the frequency of anticoagulation monitoring without increasing anticoagulation risk, meanwhile, it also could obtain more convenient and rapid consultation, save time and economic costs,and improve the quality of life and patient satisfaction.