Objective To investigate the correlation between the levels of serum immunoglobulin core fucosylation and humoral immune parameters in patients with schizophrenia and its immunological significance .Methods The levels of serum lens culinaris agglutinin(LCA)-IgM ,LCA-IgG ,LCA-IgA ,IgM ,IgG ,IgA ,circular immune complex(CIC) in patients with schizophrenia(n= 46) and health people(n=47) were determined .Their correlations were investigated by linear regression analysis .Results There was a positive correlation between the LCA-IgA and IgG in healthy people(r=0 .311 7 ,P<0 .05) .However ,there was a negative correla-tion between LCA-IgG and IgA in patients with schizophrenia(r=0 .323 6 ,P<0 .05) .In addition ,there were positive correlations between LCA-IgM ,LCA-IgG ,LCA-IgA and CIC(r=0 .354 8 ,r=0 .189 8 ,r=0 .479 7 ,P<0 .05) .Conclusion Increased fucosyla-tion levels of immunoglobulin were detected in patients with schizophrenia ,which may play important roles in immunological inju-ries of central nervous system in schizophrenia .

Objective To establish a platform for enrichment and purification of core fucose glycosylation and analyse its immu‐nity properties .Methods Serum immunoglobulin G(IgG) was seperated and purified by using protein G cross‐linked sepharose ,and core fucose glycosylation components of IgG were enriched and purified by using lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA)affinity chromatog‐raphy ,meanwhile ,the isoforms of LCA‐IgG were determined by using Western blotting .Results The purification rate of serum IgG was 62% and yield rate of LCA‐IgG was 4 .59% .Serum IgG1 ,IgG2 and IgG3 were identified except IgG4 in patients with schizo‐phrenia ,while serum IgG1 ,IgG2 ,IgG3 and IgG4 were all identified in healthy individuals .Conclusion A method for enrichment and purification of core fucose glycosylation in patients with schizophrenia have been successfully established and distribution character‐istics of the LCA‐IgG isoforms have been determined ,which could provide a new insight into immune pathomechanism of schizo‐phrenia .

Objective To study the relationship between the changes of ten elemental contents in serum and schizophrenia.Methods Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) in serum in the of schizophrenic patients and normal subjects are measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer, compared the content of elements between the schizophrenia and normal.Results There were significant differences ( P<0.05) in other elements between two groups except lead.The contents of Ca,Fe,Mg,Zn,As,Se,Cu in the patients with schizophrenia were significantly lower than those in control, while Al, Mn were significantly higher than those in control.Most of elements in serum between case and control groups were correlated (P<0.05).Some of element ratios which have physiological significance were significant statistically (P<0.05), such as: Ca/Mg, Ca/Fe and so on.Conclusion These findings suggest that the patients with schizophrenia might have an abnormal elemental metabolism.Given the relationship among the elements, the element ratios are more valuable in reflecting the relationship between schizophrenia and elements.

Objective To investigate the correlation among serum galactose immunoglobulin of quantitative change, total IgG and CIC(circulating immune complexes)levels in patients with schizophrenia.Methods Test the number changed of PVL affinity type Ig in 80 patients with schizophrenia and 80 controls′serum with the PVL affinity ELISA method.The specimens without central nervous system organic disease,heart,liver,kidney diseases, and autoimmune diseases are collected from March to June 2015 in Hospital 261 of PLA′s hospitalized patients.The total of cases is 80.The cases of male are 52,and the cases of female are 28.The age is from 19 to 60,and the average of age is(27.2 ±6.2).Control group is selected from health checkers from the same petiod.The cases of male are 52,and the cases of female are 28.The age is from 19 to 61,and the average of age is(27.8 ±5.4).The relationships among serum PVL-Ig,total IgG and CIC levels in patient group and control group were investigated by rectilinear correlation analysis.Results The serum PVL-IgG level(3.128 ±0.531)(A value)in schizophrenia was significantly higher than control group(2.672 ±0.492)(A value),(t=3.846,P<0.01).PVL-IgM(0.351 ±0.082)(A value)and PVL-IgA(1.287 ±0.205)(A value)compared with the control group(0.362 ±0.073,1.203 ± 0.216)(A value), there was no difference(t=0.241,0.6013;P>0.05).There was positive correlation between serum PVL-IgG and CIC in patients(r=0.423 1,P<0.01).There was no significant correlation with IgG,IgM and IgA.Conclusions People with schizophrenia have an excess of PVL-IgG expression,which maybe participated in the pathological process of immunological injury.PVL-IgG may be one of the molecular mechanisms of patients′CIC stranded or cleared of obstacles.

Aiming at evidence-based medicine course of graduate students, foreign medical colleges and universities usually took in the teaching philosophy that emphasized stages (focusing on knowledge ac-cumulation) and practicality (focusing on ability training). And they put forward a lot of teaching methods which implemented the conception, such as problem-based learning, journal club, blended learning approach, online learning platform, concept mapping etc. In order to provide a useful reference for the domestic teaching reform and development, this paper introduced the teaching philosophy and related teaching meth-ods mentioned above.

Objective:To determine a relationship between ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) and pathological lessions of renal tissues in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods:It was a cross-sectional observational study, involving children admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January to December 2021 with definite pathological diagnosis through kidney biopsy. The SWE was used to determine the Young's modulus (elastic modulus) of the cortex and medulla of the upper, middle, and lower poles of the kidney. The renal histopathology was classified or graded. The statistical method was used to analyze the relationship between Young's modulus of the inferior polar cortex (YM cor) and medulla (YM med) of the right kidney and renal pathology. Results:The study included 110 children with definite pathological diagnosis through renal biopsy, aged (10.1±3.4) years old (2-17 years old), with 55 males (50.0%). The body mass index was (20.6±2.4) kg/m 2, and mean arterial pressure was (95±24) mmHg. There were 94 patients (85.4%) with CKD stage 1, 8 patients (7.3%) with CKD stage 2, and 8 patients (7.3%) with CKD stage 3. There was no significant difference of YM cor and YM med in the upper and middle poles of the right kidneys, and YM med in the lower poles of right kidneys in CKD patients with different stages (all P>0.05). Both YM cor [(15.75±3.36) kPa] and YM med [(13.50±2.43) kPa] of CKD stage 3 patients were significantly higher than those of CKD stage 1 patients [(12.94±2.45) kPa, (11.88±2.23) kPa](both P<0.05). There was no significant difference of YM cor and YM med in the lower poles of right kidneys between stage 1 and stage 2 CKD patients (both P>0.05). YM cor[(17.93±3.23) kPa] and YM med [(15.50±1.48) kPa] in patients with crescentic glomerulonephritis were higher than those in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis [(12.71±2.42) kPa, (11.57±2.63) kPa] and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis [(12.73±2.04) kPa, (11.48±2.10) kPa](all P<0.05). There was no significant difference of YM cor and YM med between focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (both P>0.05). YM cor [(16.30±2.63) kPa] and YM med [(15.54±1.59) kPa] of Lee's Ⅳ grade of IgA nephropathy were higher than those of Lee's Ⅲ grade [(13.32±2.70) kPa, (12.57±2.50) kPa](both P<0.05), while the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children grade of purpura nephritis had no significant correlation with YM cor and YM med (both P>0.05). YM cor [(15.41±2.37) kPa] and YM med [(13.82±2.59) kPa] of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (T1/T2) group of IgA nephropathy mixed with purpura nephritis were significantly higher than those of T0 group's [(12.99±2.40) kPa, (11.79±2.05) kPa] (both P<0.05). Moreover, crescent formation (C1) group had a higher YM cor [(14.21±2.77) kPa] and YM med [(12.80±2.47) kPa] than those in C0 group [(12.73±2.15) kPa, (11.59±1.97) kPa] (both P<0.05), while YM cor and YM med were unrelated to the mesangial hypercellularity (M), endocapillary cellularity (E), segmental sclerosis or adhesion (S) indicators (all P>0.05). In lupus nephritis patients, YM cor ( r=0.744, P=0.035) and YM med ( r=0.728, P=0.009) were favorably linked with the chronic index, but not with the activity index (both P>0.05). Conclusions:Renal interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy and crescentic development are connected with YM cor and YM med at the lower pole of the kidney as measured by SWE. SWE can be used to assess the chronic renal lesions in children with CKD in the early and middle stages. It may develop into a new noninvasive way to assess renal pathology.

Objective:To investigate the prognosis and risk factors of IgA vasculitis nephritis (IgAVN) in children.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Clinical data were collected from 264 children who were pathologically diagnosed with IgAVN at Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, between January 2011 and December 2017. All patients had a follow-up period of more than 3 years. Clinical characteristics, renal pathology, 3-year and 5-year prognosis were analyzed. The patients were grouped based on gender, age of onset (≤6 years, >6-9 years, and >9 years), pathological classification (≤Ⅲ and>Ⅲ),whether the prognosis was complete remission at 3 and 5 years. Independent sample t-tests, ANOVA or chi-squared test were used for intergroup comparisons. Spearman correlation analysis was applied for ordinal data, and multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze factors affecting the prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized to evaluate the predictive value of these factors. Results:Of the 264 children with IgAVN, 153 were male and 111 were female, the age of onset was 8.3 (6.7, 10.3) years, 118 patients (45%) with onset age >6-9 years accounted for the highest proportion. All patients presented with skin purpura and renal involvement, primarily manifesting as hematuria and/or proteinuria. Microscopic hematuria was observed in 253 patients (95.8%), while 246 patients (93.2%) showed proteinuria. In 256 patients (97.0%), hematuria or proteinuria urinalysis was detected within 6 months of skin purpura onset, and 243 patients (92.0%) underwent renal biopsy within 6 months of renal involvement. The most common clinical subtype in 264 IgAVN children was hematuria and proteinuria (204 cases, 77.3%), with grade Ⅲ being the predominant pathological classification (181 cases, 68.6%). Among children ≤6 years old, the 3-year complete remission rate was higher in males than in females (83.9% (26/31) vs. 7/16, χ2=8.12, P=0.012). Factors independently associated with poor 5-year prognosis included time from hematuria or proteinuria urinalysis to renal biopsy >6 months, elevated serum cholesterol levels, and incomplete remission 3 years post-biopsy ( OR=5.41, 1.39, 6.02, 95% CI 1.40-20.86, 1.04-1.84, 2.61-13.88, all P<0.05). The serum cholesterol has a predictive value for 5-year prognosis ( P=0.020, AUC=0.62, 95% CI 0.52-0.71, Youden index=0.27, cutoff=4.37). Conclusions:For children with IgAVN aged≤6 years, the 3-year prognosis is better in males than in females. Time from hematuria or proteinuria urinalysis to renal biopsy >6 months, elevated serum cholesterol levels, and incomplete remission at 3 years post-biopsy may be independent risk factors for poor 5-year prognosis in children with IgAVN.