There are many noise signals in original laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra.To explore the effect of spectral pretreatment on LIBS information by different filter methods, the LIBS spectra of Pb-polluted cabbage in wavelength range of 400.45-410.98 nm was investigated and preprocessed by adjacent averaging, Savitzky-Golay (S-G) and fast Fourier transformation (FFT).Then partial least square (PLS) model was established for evaluating the spectral treatment effect.The result showed that the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and average relative error of S-G method were 0.26 and 3.7%, suggesting a superior smoothing effect than other methods.Experimental results indicated that an appropriate filtering method could help to improve the spectral quality and raise the precision of model checkout.

Objective To analyze the optimal scales of secondary public hospitals so as to optimize the expansion of public hospitals.Methods Forty-six secondary public general hospitals in Beijing were selected as the sample,with input and output indicators pinpointed,for analysis of the status of economic return to scale of such hospitals from 1996 to 2012,and identification of inflexion points of the returns to scale.These efforts will help find an optimal scale of such hospitals.Resalts The period from 1996 to 2012 found the general effectiveness of such hospitals in a decline.In 2012,only 4 of the 46 hospitals were in DEA effectiveness status,and the other 42 hospitals were not; Forty-three inflexion points were identified.This study found that the strict control standards for secondary public general hospitals in Beijing were 298 beds and 585 staffs; the flexible control standards were 421 beds and 807 staffs.Conclclsion The optimal scales for secondary public hospitals were drown from the analysis,for references of other regions in China.The hospitals should prioritize resources efficiency instead of scale expansion.

Endemic arsenicosis is a kind of endemic diseases, which is caused by chronic arsenic exposure and is seriously harmful to human health. Skin is the important target organ of endemic arsenicosis. Clinical diagnosis for this endemic disease mainly depends on the cutaneous triad (hyperkeratosis on the palms and soles, cutaneous hyper-pigmentation and hypo-pigmentation).But the pathogenesis of this disease is still unclear.In-depth understanding of the skin lesions and the pathogenesis is greatly significant for the scientific explanation of endemic arsenicosis. Although there are some studies on the skin lesions caused by endemic arsenicosis, a systematic review is still lacking. In this paper, the epidemiology, pathological changes and pathogenesis of skin lesions caused by endemic arsenicosis are summarized. Here we expect this summarization will deepen the understanding on skin lesions caused by endemic arsenicosis and provide some new ideas and clues for other researchers.

Keratinocytes are the main constituent cells of the skin epidermis and the main target cells of arsenic act on the skin as well.Although it has been epidemiologically clarified that arsenic can cause palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and skin cancer,yet the mechanism is unclear and there's no ideal animal models so far.Currently,the studies of skin lesions induced by arsenic mainly focus on keratinocytes in vitro.In this paper,we summarize the related literatures and review the effects of arsenic on proliferation,differentiation,oxidative stress,DNA damage,apoptosis,epigenetic changes,and cancer stem cell activation of keratinocytes.We hope to deepen the understanding of skin lesions induced by arsenic and provide more basis and ideas for understanding the mechanism of endemic aRSenicosis.

Objective:To analyze the health development plans of the provinces in China during the " 14th Five-Year Plan" , and explore the key tasks, similarities and differences of health informatization construction in each province.Methods:Using the website of local people′s government and the official website of the provincial Health Commission, 27 copies of health development plans of various provinces during the " 14th Five-Year Plan" period were retrieved and collected from February 16 to June 5, 2022. The relevant statements of health information in the plan were extracted, content analysis was used to reveal the structural characteristics of the policy in the form of word frequency statistics, and discourse analysis was used to study the policy content.Results:The health information policies of 27 provinces during the " 14th Five-Year Plan" period could be summarized as 10 major themes, such as accelerating the construction of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system, promoting the high-quality development of public hospitals, and deepening the reform of medical security system. The health information policy in the eastern, central and western regions was relatively clear, and there were certain differences in the construction points according to their own characteristics.Conclusions:During the " 14th Five-Year Plan" period, the policies of each province around the field of health information are well defined, and the core structure and content are similar. The distribution of key points in the eastern region is relatively balanced; the construction of health information in the central region is more prioritized and prominent; the construction of health information in the western region is focused on complementing the weak links and weaknesses.

Objective:To establish a method for preparing urine arsenic quality control samples and verify its uniformity and stability.Methods:Urine samples of healthy adults were collected, concentrated and then freeze-dried using a freeze dryer. The freeze-dried samples were subjected to atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry to determine the arsenic content. The method was verified from the uniformity, stability, determination of different detection methods, and the fixed value of urine arsenic content.Results:The linear correlation coefficient of the standard curve of the method was 0.999 7. The variation coefficients of arsenic content after freeze-dried of urine samples were all < 5%. The uniformity test results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the arsenic content between bottles of low and high concentration samples ( t = 1.09, 1.53, P > 0.05), and the sample uniformity was good. The stability test results show that the decline rate of the freeze-dried samples of high and low concentrations stored ≤360 days was less than 10%, and the stability was good at room temperature. Atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) were used for the arsenic content determination of high and low concentration samples, and there was no significant difference between the two methods ( P > 0.05). The results of determination of arsenic content in urine of 14 provinces and 86 cities and counties showed that the low concentration was (0.028 ± 0.002) mg/L and the high concentration was (0.113 ± 0.008) mg/L. Conclusion:The uniformity and stability of the freeze-dried urine arsenic quality control samples can meet the external quality control requirements of the laboratory in endemic disease prevention and monitoring.