Reports said formaldehyde could induce the damages of organism and cause the peroxidation of lipids. Formaldehyde inhalation may significantly increase the tissue malondialdehyde concentration and decrease the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase enzyme, glutathione peroxidase enzyme and the concentration of glutathione in the tissues with a dose-effect relationship. The possible mechanisms of oxidation lesion and the toxic effects of formaldehyde were discussed in the present paper.

Objective To discuss the effect of skill training for staff working in washing rooms of sterilization and supply center after application of centralized management model.Methods The training objects included all the working staff in the washing rooms and the training procedure covered four steps：preparation,discussion,implementation and evaluation.The evaluation indices involved level of post skill,cleaning and sterilization effect of instruments and satisfaction degree of staff.Results After training the level of post skills were increased dramatically(P＜0.01).The cleaning and sterilization effect of instruments was also improved(P＜0.01).96％ of staff considered their post ability elevated after training.Conclusion After skill training for staff working in washing rooms,the post skill and cleaning and sterilization quality of instruments were both enhanced.It proved valuable for guarantee of cleaning and sterilization quality of medical instruments and improvement of professional skills for staff working in washing rooms of sterilization and supply center.

Objective To improve the diagnostic rate of mammary ductal disease by galactography and mammoscopy.Methods 100 cases of the galactographic and mommoscopy materials were retrospectively analyzed.Results Tumorous diseases including intraductal papilloma,intraductal papillary carcinoma and ductal carcinoma,they accounted for 14%,intraductal papilloma and intraductal papillary carcinoma were the most in this group(12%).Non-tumorous diseases including mammary ductal ectasia with chronicmastitis,plasma cell mastitis,mammary cyst,lobular hyperplasia and cystic hyperplasia,they accounted for 71%,mammary ductal ectasia was the most in this group(42%).Conclusion The galactography and mammoscopy are very valuable in the diagnosis and differentiating diagnosis of mammary ductal diseases.

Objective:To propose a method to evaluate the total body water (TBW) of patients on hemodialysis with urea kinetic model (UKM), and compare it with body surface bio-impedance spectrum (BIS) analysis. Methods:We enrolled 24 adult patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) without hyper-catabolism in our dialysis center. All of them had been on hemodialysis for more than 3 months. TBW was measured with BIS analysis immediately before and after dialysis session, and one hour after hemodialysis session. Spent dialysate was collected; blood samples were taken before and one hour after hemodialysis session, TBW before hemodialysis session were calculated by UKM. Results:Patients were 6 men and 18 women, the average age was (51.2?13.5) years and the average time on dialysis was (33.2?36.7) months. Causes of ESRD included chronic glomerulonephritis (8 patients), diabetic nephropathy (1 patients), hypertensive renal damage (1 patients), interstitial nephritis(two patients), chronic pyelonephritis (two patients). The average ultrafiltration volume was (2.7?1.0) L (0.5-4.4 L) . Plasma urea concentrations were (23.06?5.76) mmol/L and (8.15?2.06) mmol/L before and one hour after hemodialysis session, respectively. There was no significant difference between TBW measured immediately after and one hour after hemodialysis session with BIS analysis [(29.9?8.8) L and (29.8?8.6) L, respectively; average difference was (0.1?0.9)L, P=0.70]. These two measurements correlated very well (Pearson r=0.99, P

AIM:To establish the method of determining notoginsenoside R_1,ginsenoside Rg_1 and Rb_1 in Xinning Tablet(Radix et Rhizoma Salvae Miltiorrhizae,Radix et Rhizoma notoginseng,Flos Carthami,Rhizoma Chuanxiong,ect).METHODS:HPLC-ELSD was used to determine notoginsenoside R_1,ginsenoside Rg_1 and Rb_1 in Xinning Tablet.The separatrion was performed on C_ 18 colunm with acetonitrile and water being used as a gradient program at 35 ℃.The elution program was(0-5 min,20%-25% acetonitrile;5-20 min,25%-45% acetonitrile),drift tube temperature was at 70 ℃,gas flow rate of 2.0 L/min.RESULTS:3 saponins were separated well.Average recoveries were 102.32% for notoginsenoside R_1 100.73% for ginsenoside Rg_1;101.40% for ginsenoside Rb_1,respectively.CONCLUSION:The method is simple and rapid and with satisfactory results and is suitable for quality control of Xinning Tablet.

Objective To investigate the relationship between orthostatic hypotension (OH) and antihypertensive therapy in the elderly hypertensive population.Methods A total of 1174 elderly retired people (849 cases with hypertension and 325 cases without hypertension) in Guangzhou Military Region underwent health physical examination.All people were surveyed by questionnaires.The orthostatic blood pressure and heart rate were measured in supine position after resting for more than 5 minutes and then at 0 and 2 minutes after standing.Comparative analysis was made on the prevalence of OH and the relationship between OH and antihypertensive therapy.Results A significant difference in the prevalence of OH was observed between hypertensive patients and nonhypertensive patients [29.4％ (250/849) vs.15.7％ (51/325),x2 =23.32,P＜0.01].There was no significant difference in the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in patients with versus without antihypertensive therapy [30.5％ (220/721) vs.23.4％ (30/128),x2 =2.62,P＞0.05].Conclusions Orthostatic hypotension is common observed in elderly hypertensive patients.Antihypertensive therapy may not increase the prevalence of OH.

Objective: To access the risk for smoking on morbidity of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) at different gender and age population. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in 2026 STEMI patients and 2026 control subjects with matched gender and age (±2 years) in our hospital from 2010-01-14 to 2016-02-27. The relationship between smoking and STEMI morbidity was analyzed. Results: Smoking was an important risk factor for STEMI morbidity in male gender and it was negatively related to age, as STEMI in young male smokers (≤45 years): adjusted OR=7.000, 95% CI 4.235-11.570; in middle age male smokers (46-59 years):adjusted OR=5.296, 95% CI 3.904-7.185 and in elder male smokers (≥60 years): adjusted OR=4.686, 95% CI 2.860-4.751. Conclusion: Smoking is a major risk factor for STEMI morbidity, while it is different from age and gender; the young male smokers have the highest risk to suffer from STEMI.

SAαt2,6 and SAα2,3 linked sialic acid molecules on epithelial cell membrane served as receptors for influenza virus, which axe specifically recognized by human and avian influenza viruses, respectively. The distribution of these two species of sialic acids in human respiratory tract from different anatomical sites and different age groups was investigated. The results showed that SAα2,3Gal species was prevalent in respiratory bronchiole and lung alveolar epithelium, but was infiequent in trachea, bronchus and bronchiole. On the contrary, the SAα2,6Gal species was more common in the trachea and bronchus and to a lesser degree in the alveolar epithelium. When compared the expression levels of SAα2,6Gal and α2,3Gal in the respiratory tract among different age groups, no significant difference was found. In the ex vivo H5N1 virus infection study, alveolus epithelium were found to be more susceptible to avian influenza than trachea and bronchus epithelial cells. These results suggest that the human respiratory tract, to some extent, is permissive for avian influenza viruses. The currently-observed limited human to human transmission of H5N1 virus may be associated with the different abundance of SAα2,3Gal linkages in human upper respiratory tract among individuals.

Objective To investigate the correlation between NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to tuberculosis ( TB) in Tibetan people in Qinghai. Methods A case-control study was con-ducted in this study, involving 99 Tibetan patients with TB and 89 healthy Tibetans. The single nucleotide polymorphisms of NRAMP1 gene at rs17235409 and rs3731865 sites were detected by using TaqMan probe method. Gene cloning and sequencing typing were performed to analyze the single nucleotide polymorphisms of NRAMP1 gene at the rs17235416 site. SPASS20. 0 software was used to statistically analyze the correla-tion between NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to TB in Tibetan people. Results No signifi-cant difference in the genotype frequencies of rs3731865 and rs17235409 was found between the two groups (χ2=0. 852, P=0. 356;χ2=0. 279, P=0. 597). The genotype frequencies of TGTG/TGTG and TGTG/del+del/del at the rs17235416 site were 70. 7% ( 70/99 ) and 29. 3% ( 29/99 ) in patients with TB and 86. 5% (77/89) and 13. 5% (12/89) in healthy subjects. There were significant differences in the geno-type frequencies of TGTG/TGTG and TGTG/del+del/del between the two groups (χ2=6. 870, P=0. 009). The genotypes of TGTG/del and del/del at rs17235416 were risk factors for TB ( OR=0. 376; 95%CI:0. 178-1. 794 as compared with the TGTG/TGTG genotype in Tibetan people in Qinghai. Conclusion This study suggested that the NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms at rs3731865 and rs1723409 sites had no correlation with the susceptibility to TB in Tibetans in Qinghai. However, the NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms at rs17235416 site were correlated with the susceptibility to TB. The TGTG/del alleles at the rs17235416 site might be the risk factors for tuberculosis in Tibetans in Qinghai.