Pyroptosis is a way of programmed cell death which is newly discovered in recent years. Animal studies have shown that pyroptosis is involved in the occurrence and development of brain injury from various causes. Inhibition of pyroptosis plays a protective role in the nervous system in animal models by reducing the neurological symptoms. Pyroptosis may provide a target for clinical treatment of neonatal brain injury. This paper reviews pyroptosis's mechanism and its role in the pathogenesis in brain injury in various conditions for a better understanding of neonatal brain injury.

Objective To investigate the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein-serine-threonine kinases(Akt) signal transduction pathway in EphB receptor-mediated neuropathic pain in rats.Methods Forty-eight pathogen-free male SD rats aged 2-3 months weighing 150-180 g were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =8 each):groups sham operation (groups S1 and S2 ); groups chronic constrictive injury (CCI) (groups C1and C2 ) and groups EphBI-Fc (EphB receptor antagonist) + CCI (groups E1 and E2 ).Neuropathic pain was induced by placing 4 ligatures on left sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals with 5-0 silk thread in groups C1,C2,E1 and E2.EphBI-Fc 0.5 μg in 5 μl normal saline was injected intrathecally 1 h before operation and at 1 and 2 d after operation (group E1 ) or on 5th day after operation (group E2).Normal saline 5 μl was injected intrathecally instead of EphBI-Fc 1 h before operation and at 1 and 2 days after operation (groups S1 and C1 ) or on 5th day after operation (groups S2 and C2 ).Pain withdrawal latency to noxious thermal stimulation (PWL) and pain withdrawal threshold to noxious mechanical stimulation (PWT) were measured before operation and at 1,3 and 5 d after operation.The animals were sacrificed at 5 d after operation after measurement of pain threshold.The lumbar segment of spinal cord (L4-6) was removed for determination of c-Fos,PI3K and phosphorylated Akt(p-Akt) expression.Results CCI significantly reduced PWL and PWT and up-regulated spinal c-Fos,PI3K and p-Akt expression in groups C1 and C2 as compared with groups S1 and S2.EphB1-Fc significantly decreased hyperalgesia and the upregulated spinal Fos,PI3K and p-Akt protein expression induced by CCI in groups E1 and E2 as compared with groups C1 and C2.Conclusion Spinal EphB receptor is involved in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain through PI3K/Akt signal transduction pathway.

Objective: To understand the status and related knowledge requirements of health emergency literacy among college students in Shaanxi Province, so as to provide the basis for improving college students health emergency literacy. Methods: A total of 2 723 students from 18 colleges and universities in Shaanxi Province were selected by multi stage random sampling and simple random sampling methods in November 2023, and the survey of health literacy in emergency and knowledge requirements of health emergency literacy was conducted. Statistical analysis was carried out by using χ 2 test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Logistic regression analysis. Results: About 28.98% of the surveyed college students had a high level of health emergency literacy, which varied by students whether being only one child, whether having left behind experience, with different personality types, whether being student cadres, and with different frequencies of community or social activities ( χ 2=9.15, 7.90, 32.73, 16.29 , 120.25, P <0.05). The equivalence scores of the four dimensions of health emergency literacy from high to low were poisoning and nuclear and radiation (0.84), medical rescue (0.83), infectious disease (0.82), and basic knowledge and behavior ( 0.77 ). Logistic regression analysis found that college students with left-behind experience were negatively correlated with health emergency literacy and its four dimensions ( OR =0.74, 0.72, 0.80, 0.80, 0.83), while personality type (rational type), community or social activity frequency were positively correlated with the cognitive levels of health emergency literacy and its four dimensions among college students ( OR =1.57, 1.50, 1.33, 1.27, 1.38)( P <0.05). There was a higher level of basic knowledge and behavioral cognition among only child college students ( OR =3.73), and female students had a higher level of health emergency literacy, as well as awareness of infectious disease outbreaks and medical rescue ( OR =1.21, 1.28, 1.21)( P <0.05). The radar map showed that the level of health emergency literacy was positive development radar map. About 67.68 % of the students had a high willingness to acquire health emergency literacy knowledge, and the demand for basic health emergency knowledge and behavioral knowledge was the highest (52.37%). Conclusions College students have insufficient health emergency literacy, but they have the highest demand for health emergency. Publicity and education should be strengthened for students with left behind experience, irrational type, and low frequency of community or social activities.

Objective: To observe and explore the therapeutic efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in the treatment of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Methods: A total of 139 NAION patients were randomly divided into a control group of 72 and a hyperbaric oxygen group of 67. Both groups were given conventional drugs including prednisolone, mecobalamin and compound anisodine, while the hyperbaric oxygen group was additionally provided with hyperbaric oxygen treatment at a pressure of 0.2MPa once a day for 30 days. Each day′s treatment lasted for 110 minutes, including 20 minutes at increasing pressure, 20 minutes decreasing and 60 minutes with the pressure stable at 0.2MPa. Before and after the 30-day treatment, the visual acuity and visual mean sensitivity (MS) of the two groups were observed and compared. Results: There was no significant difference between the control group and the hyperbaric oxygen group in terms of average visual acuity or visual MS before the treatment. Afterward the average visual acuity (4.88±0.25) and visual MS (16.68±1.19) of the hyperbaric oxygen group were significantly higher than before the treatment and significantly better than those of the control group. The total effective rate of the hyperbaric oxygen group was 91%, significantly higher than that of the control group (75%). Conclusions Conventional treatment combined with hyperbaric oxygen therapy can significantly promote the visual acuity and visual MS of NAION patients.

OBJECTIVES: Diabetic kidney disease is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), and it is a main cause for chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). It is important to find out the factors that cause the progression of renal function. The study aims to explore the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) trajectory and the progression of renal function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A total of 846 patients with T2DM, who were admitted to the Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, from January 2009 to December 2021 and met the criteria of baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)≥60 mL/(min·1.73 m²), were selected as the research subjects. The SUA data of multiple measurements were collected and identified as different SUA trajectories by group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM). According to the SUA trajectories, the patients were divided into a low trajectory group (105 cases), a middle trajectory group (396 cases), a middle high trajectory group (278 cases), and a high trajectory group (67 cases). Cox regression analysis was used to examine the effect of SUA trajectory on the progression of renal function in patients with T2DM. Subgroup analysis was performed by sex, age, course of disease, body mass index (BMI) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). RESULTS: The median follow-up was 4.8 years. At the end of follow-up, 158 patients had different degrees of decline in renal function. After adjusting for multiple confounding factors by Cox regression analysis, the risks of eGFR<60 mL/(min·1.73 m²), eGFR reduction rate≥50%, serum creatinine (Scr) doubling and composite endpoint (eGFR reduction rate≥50%, Scr doubling or ESRD) in the high trajectory group were significantly higher than those in the low trajectory group, with HR of 3.84 (95% CI 1.83 to 8.05), 6.90 (95% CI 2.27 to 20.96), 6.29 (95% CI 2.03 to 19.52), and 8.04 (95% CI 2.68 to 24.18), respectively. There was no significant difference in the risk of ESRD among the above 4 groups (all P>0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that: compared with the low trajectory group, the risks of eGFR<60 mL/(min·1.73 m²) in patients with high trajectory in the subgroup of male, female, age<65 years, course of disease<10 years, BMI≥24 kg/m² and HbA1c≥7% were increased (all P<0.05). The SUA trajectory had no interaction with sex, age, course of disease, BMI and HbA1c (all interactive P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The high SUA trajectory increases the risk for progression of renal function in patients with T2DM. Long-term longitudinal changes of SUA should be paid attention to.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications* ; Cohort Studies ; Uric Acid ; Glycated Hemoglobin ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications* ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Kidney/physiology* ; Risk Factors

Objective: To study the prevalence and correlates of diabetes among HIV/AIDS who were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefectures (Dehong), Yunnan province. Methods: The database of HIV/AIDS receiving ART in Dehong was downloaded by using the basic information system of AIDS prevention and control in China. In this cross-sectional study, HIV/AIDS patients who were currently on ART and aged 18 years or above, were consecutively recruited, between July 2017 and June 2018, in Dehong. All the subjects underwent hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing. Patient with diabetes was defined as meeting any of these indicators (HbA1c ≥6.5%, baseline FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L, FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L in the most recent visit). Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were carried on to evaluate the correlates of diabetes among the HIV/AIDS patients. Results: In total of 4 376 HIV/AIDS patients were included for analysis, with the average age as (43.7±10.1) years, proportion of males as 53.8% (2 356/4 376) and the HCV positive rate as 24.1% (1 055/4 376). The mean years was (8.9±3.8) years after the HIV diagnosis was made, and the mean duration on treatment was (6.8±2.9) years. The prevalence of diabetes was 11.4% (500/4 376). Through multivariate logistic regression analysis, data showed that the risk factors of diabetes of HIV/AIDS on ART were: aged 40 years or above, being male, HCV positive, baseline body mass index ≥24.0 kg/m², elevated TG ≥1.70 mmol/L in the most recent visit and baseline antiretroviral regimens under Efavirenz (EFV). Conclusions Prevalence rate of diabetes appeared higher in HIV/AIDS patients who were on ART in Dehong. Prevention and control measures should be targeted on HIV/AIDS patients who were with risk factors of diabetes as being elderly, male, HCV positive, overweight and higher TG. Further esearch is needed to evaluate the association between the use of EFV and diabetes.