Along with the further development of biological science and technology,the taxonomy of organisms as well as classification of parasites have been modified and improved.However the taxonomic system of parasites used in China nowadays was established 25 years ago.This paper outlined the advances of biological taxonomy and introduces the Cox's new classification of parasites so as to promote parasitological research.

This article expounds the indication,preoperative ischemic tolerance test,evaluation of collateral circulation,different surgical modes,complications and their prevention in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms during extracranial-intracranial(EC/IC)graft bypass.It is considered that EC/IC bypass graft is an effective therapeutic mode in preventing the occurrence of cerebral ischemia in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

In the presence of antischistosomular serum(Ab), the adherence of macrophages(M?). eosinophils(Eos) and neutrophils(Neu) to and the killing effect on schistosomula of Schistosoma japonicum were studied with a mouse model. In vitro experiment showed that all the three kinds of effectcr cells could adhere to the surface of the schistosomula when opsonized with specific Ab resulting in the significant increase in the percentage of dead schistosomula. When SPA was added to the system, the percentage of schistosomula with adherent cells decreased markedly. It was revealed that the adherence of cells was at least partially through the binding of Fc fragment of IgG to Fc receptor on the cell surfaces. After having been incubated with Ab and/or cells for 18 h in vitro, the schistosomula were inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of mice. The adult recovery rate 6 weeks after inoculation in groups Eos+Ab and M? + Ab were significantly lower than that of the control group (P

Objective To discuss the implication of ectopic opening of the pancreaticobiliary duct in the performance of cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and the diagnosis and treatment of cholangio-pancreatic disease. Methods We summarize the data of 1000 cases of ERCP in the past four years. Five patients were found with ectopic opening of the pancreaticobiliary duct. The positions, characteristics of ectopic opening and the characteristics of the mucosa disease around the ectopic papilla and cholangio-pancreatic disease were analyzed. Results In the 5 patients with ectopic opening of the papilla, one had the opening in the pyloric channal, two in the duodenal bulb, the other two in the distance of the descending part of duodenum. Mucosa erosion was found in the patients with ectopic opening in the pyloric channal and in the duodenal bulb. Conclusion The ectopic opening of the pancreaticobiliary duct may affect the finding of the papilla, but may not affect the performance of ERCP. The incidence of the cholangiopancreatic disease and the mucosa disease around the ectopic papilla will increase in the patients with ectopic opening.

Humans are negatively affected by parasitic infection.However, recent researches revealed that to some extent, parasitic infections are advantageous to humans.Parasitic infections are found to benefit patients of inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disease and allergic disorder.Furthermore, they promoted studies on pathogenesis of these diseases, and therefore on safe and effective therapeutic strategy.In addition, by taking the Caenorhabditis elegans as model organism, researchers have made a breakthrough in the area of life science, including signal transduction, functional genomics and drug screening.

By using intrathecal administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) against preprodynorphin mRNA in rats, we observed that this treatment could block both the formalin-induced behavioral nociceptive responses and the increased expression of dynorphin A (1-8) in the dorsal horn, with the increased expression of c-Fos protein being unchanged. For we have reported that intrathecal administration of AS-ODN against c-fos mRNA blocks the nociceptive responses and both the increased Fos protein and dynorphin A (1-8), the results of the present study suggest that: (1) Nociceptively induced spinal expression of dyorphin and Fos protein is involved in the transmission of nociceptive information at the spinal level and the expression of Fos protein is the up-stream event. (2) dynorphin may act as a pronociceptive, not an antinociceptive, factor in the modulation of the spinal hyperalgesic state.

Objectives To examine sICAM-1 in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP) and the effect of TMP-SMZ therapy on its level and on pathological and immunological changes in rats.Methods 50 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group(N group),PCP model group(PCP group) and TMP-SMZ therapy group(SMZ group).1 mg of dexamethasone was injected intramuscularly twice a week for rats in PCP and SMZ groups to induce PCP.Normal saline was injected for N group in the same way.When the infection was confirmed,TMP-SMZ was given to rats in SMZ group by 25 mg/(kg.d) for 5 days for 3 courses with an interval of 2 weeks.sICAM-1 in serum was detected by ELISA,and the pathological changes in lungs and liver and the Pc in alveoli of lungs were observed.Results The level of sICAM-1 in PCP and SMZ groups at the 3rd week [(1.847?0.50) ng/ml,(1.787?0.59) ng/ml] was lower notably than that at 0 week[(2.407?0.81) ng/ml,[(2.478?0.59) ng/ml respectively](P0.05).Conclusion The sICAM-1 level in rats was low but significantly increases after the induction of PCP.

Objective To assess the therapeutic effect of garlicin on Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) of immuosuppressed rats. Methods The Wistar rats were injected intramuscularly continually with dexamethasone for eight weeks to establish the rat model of PCP. The rats were treated with garlicin, meanwhile control groups without treatment and with SMZ-TMP treatment were established respectively in PCP model. The efficacy was evaluated based on the lung weight, lung /body weight ratio and mean cyst number per 100 fields in lung print smear. Results The mean lung weight of the rats in garlicin is 1.73?0.17, lung/body weight ratio is 0.84?0.12, they are obvious lower than 2.31?0.35 and 1.25?0.35 of control (P

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and reliability of intraoperative microvascular Doppler uhrasonography (IMDU)in urgent clipping surgery of ruptured aneurysms,and assess the impact of this method on the surgical procedure itself.Methods For 62 patients who underwent urgent clipping surgery for the treatment of ruptured aneurysms,both blood flow velocities in the aneurismal sac and in the adjacent vessels and alterations of the Doppler spectrum were determined by IMDU before and after aneurysm clipping.The findings of IMDU were analysed and compared with those of visual inspection of the surgical site and postoperative angiography. Results A relevant stenosis of an adjacent vessel induced by efip position that had escaped detection by visual inspection was identified by IMDU in 12 out of 62 patients.In addition, IMDU demonstrated a primarily incomplete clipping aneurysm in 4 out of 62 patients.The clipping aneurysm was repositioned on the basis of the IMDU findings in 16 out of 62 patients.The findings from IMDU equated with those from angiography in 38 eases.Conclusion IMDU is a safe,instantaneous,effective and reliable technique for the urgent dipping surgery of raptured aneurysms.

Mice were divided into 3 groups:heavy infection group with 80 mice each was fed with 400 muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis,light infection group with 60 mice each was fed by 200 larvae,and uninfected control (60 mice). The content of Cu,Zn and Fe in the dorsal hair samples was measured in the week of 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 and 15 after infection. Results indicated that the content of Zn,Cu and Fe in the two experimental groups reduced considerably in comparison to the control(P