It is known that genetic risk factors and mucosal immunity play vary important role in the pathogenesis of IgA ne-phropathy ( IgAN) .Recent years, new susceptibility loci of IgAN and relationships among genetic risk factors and each field of IgAN, which includes onset, clinical manifestation, histopathology, response to treatment and prognosis, have been found.Meanwhile, a re-surgence of interest has addressed the role of intestinal immunity facing dietary components, like gluten or the complex intestinal flora, the microbiota.A defective immune tolerance might favor an abnormal response to microbiota with alterations of the intestinal barrier, including increased alimentary antigens and bacterial toxins absorption, triggering mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue ( MALT) activa-tion and subclinical intestinal inflammation.The genetic pathogenesis and the new hypothesis for a strong intestine-kidney connection in IgAN are tempting, because they offer new treatment options, such as targeted to subclinical intestinal inflammation or microbiota modi-fications, and favor for further exploring new targets of IgAN intervention.

Acute kidney injury ( AKI) is very common clinical syndrome , which may bring worse outcomes and heavy eco-nomic burden .For nearly one and half centuries , the AKI definition and diagnostic criteria have been continuously evaluating and the diagnostic biomarkers of AKI have been constantly emerging with the development of medicine , which make early diagnosis and early intervention of AKI possible .This review highlights the major studies that the diagnostic and prognostic predictive power of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, IL-18, livertypefatty acid-binding protein, tissue inhibitor of etalloproteinase-2, and IGF-binding protein 7.The mechanistic relevance of these biomarkers to the pathogenesis and pathobiology of AKI is reviewed in this paper , in order to make an early diagnosis and early treatment for AKI and also improve the prognosis of AKI .

The spectrum of glomerulonephritis differs in different countries and areas all over the world,and changes with socioeconomic progression. Recent researches have shown that the difference and change of the spectrum of glomerulonephritis are correlated with Th1 and Th2 immune responses."Hygiene hypothesis" is also proposed.

Renal replacement therapy is an effective treatment for end-stage diabetic nephropathy.This review summarized recent literatures on hemodialysis,peritoneal dialysis and renal transplantation for end-stage diabetic nephropathy.The purpose is to guide doctors for treating end-stage diabetic nephropathy more reasonably.

Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease(CKD) worldwide,and its rising prevalence may explain much of the increase in the incidence of kidney failure.Even when DM is not the cause of kidney disease,the coexistence of CKD and DM presents unique problems that need to be recognized and managed appropriately to optimize the outcomes.The objective of this article is to outline the management of glycemia in patients with DM of stage Ⅳ-Ⅴ and CKD ≥ stage Ⅲ,followed by a review of the appropriate use of available hypoglycemic agents for such patients,with an emphasis on the newer classes of the agents.

BACKGROUND:For patients with osteoporosis, bone mineral density and other factors can lower the success rate of posterior lumbar interbody fusion. But there is no comprehensive report on the effects of different bone graft materials and osteoporosis on the posterior lumbar interbody fusion.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the influence of different bone graft materials and osteoporosis on the success rate of posterior lumbar interbody fusion.
METHODS:Clinical data of 227 patients undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion were retrospectively analyzed, and these patients were assigned into autogenous iliac bone group (n=121), fusion cage combined with autogenous cancelous bone group (combined group,n=65) and alograft group (n=41) according to different bone graft materials. There were 20, 22, 6 patients with osteoporosis in the three groups, respectively. Al the patients were folowed up for 24 months, and postoperative bone fusion, fusion time, intervertebral height and internal fixation failure and other adverse events were recorded and compared among three groups.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The failure rate of internal fixation, fusion time and loss of intervertebral height were higher, but the fusion rate was lower in the alograft group than the other two groups (P < 0.05). In addition, there was no difference between the autogenous iliac bone group and combined group. For the osteoporosis patients, the failure rate of internal fixation and fusion time were higher, while the loss of intervertebral height and fusion ratewere lower in the alograft group than the other two groups (P < 0.05); compared with the autogenous iliac bone group, the combined group had longer fusion time and higher fusion rate (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that autogenous iliac bone graft combined with or without fusion cage can achieve higher fusion rate and less internal fixation failure in the posterior lumbar interbody fusion; however, for osteoporosis patient, the autogenous iliac bone graft can obtain better fusion effects.

Fibers with different hemicellulose contents were produced using various degree removal of hemicellulose to obtain large differences in cellulose and hemicellulose proportions at a similar lignin content. Solid state cross polarisation magic angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance(CP/MAS ~(13)C-NMR) and atomic force microscope(AFM) had been employed to investigate the microstructure of fibers. The results showed that there was an increase in relative content of para-crystalline cellulose with the decreas of hemicellulose content obtained by the spectral fitting for the cellulose C1-region(δ 102-108). The elementary fibril size was relatively constant between 4.0 and 4.3 nm for the three samples obtained by the spectral fitting for the cellulose C4-region(δ 80-92). The difference in elementary fibril size between the samples was not significant. However, the elementary fibril aggregate size increased from 17.9 to 22.2 nm with the decreas of hemicellulose content, which was a significant change. The results of AFM analysis showed that the fiber with a high hemicellulose content had a porous surface structure. In fibres with a low hemicellulose content, the elementary fibril aggregates formed a much more compact surface structure. Lower hemicellulose content can promote the partially irreversible microfibril aggregation, which caused tensions in the microfibrils due to the finite dimensions of the cell wall, amounting to stress in the microfibrils. However, the porous structure can be improved as hemicellulose content decreased to a certain extent.

Three species of borneol from different origins, namely Borneol Camphor (extracted fromDryobalanops aromatica Gaerth. f. ), Balsamiferous Blumea Borneol (extracted from Blumeabalsamifera DC. ) and synthetic borneol, were studied by macroscopic and microscopic iden .tification and GC method. Their differences were revealed. The amount of borne0l and isob-orneol in the samples were determined.

Objective To observe the changes of ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and target organ damage (TODs) after antihypertensive treatment in hypertensive patients .Methods A total of 300 cases of newly diagnosed hypertension were screened out and after strictly controlling blood pressure ,completed the ambulatory blood pressure and target organ damage inspection by 1‐year follow‐up .The dynamic changes of AASI and target organ damage were observed .Results After 1‐year anti‐hypertensive therapy ,AASI showed the gradually descending trend ,compared with before treatment ,began to decline at 6 months , decreased significantly after 1 year ;AASI showed the independent positive correlation with the intima‐media thickness(IMT) of ca‐rotid artery ,urine microalbumin(UMA) ,renal vascular resistance index(RRI) and left ventricular mass index(LVMI) ,and inde‐pendent negative correlation with endogenous creatinine clearance rate(Ccr) before and after treatment ;the multiple linear regres‐sion analysis showed that IMT ,UMA ,RRI ,Ccr and LVMI had significant correlation with AASI .After 1 year of therapy ,IMT , UMA ,RRI ,Ccr ,LVMI had shown some improvement(P<0 .05) .Conclusion AASI can be used as an indicator for evaluating arte‐riosclerosis and predicting the target organ damage in hypertension .

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important inhibitory immune cells.Research finds that MDSCs and Tregs increase in a large number under the conditions of inflammation,infection and tumor and they are able to suppress the immunity system and promote tumorigenesis and metastasis through multiple mechanisms.Finding the causes resulting in the increase of MDSCs and Tregs in tumor microenvironment and the eliminating methods have become new focuses in the field of antitumor immunotherapy.