Objective To investigate the effects of clonidine on the visceral pain induced by acute myocardial ischemia. Methods Male SD rats weighing 250-280 g were operated upon under general anesthesia with intraperitoneal methane 1.2 g/kg and local infiltration of the skin incision. After tracheal intubation, the animals were mechanically ventilated (VT = 5-7 ml/kg, RR = 75 bpm). The anterior descending branch of left coronary artery was occluded with a snare through the left 4 th intercostal space. The animals were then fastened to a brain stereotaxic instrument and a burr hole was made in the skull. A glass micro-electrode was inserted into the brain. The discharges of noxious stimulation responding neuron (NSRN) in parafascicular nucleus were recorded. Twenty-four rats detected NSRN showed response to coronary artery occlusion (CAO) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =6 each): group Ⅰ CAO + normal saline 0.1 ml; group Ⅱ CAO + elonidine 30 μg; group Ⅲ CAO + clanidine 100 μg; group Ⅳ CAO + clonidine 100 μg + yohimbine (an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist) 200 μg. In group Ⅳ , clonidine was administered intravenously 15 min after CAO, and then yohimbine was injected intravenously 15 min later. The discharges of NSRN were recorded every 5 min for 60 min from the beginning of CAO. Results Clonidine 100 μg significantly inhibited the increased frequency of nociceptive discharge rate of NSRN after CAO. However, this effect could be blocked by the α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine.Conclusion Clonidine 100 μg can reduce the visceral pain induced by acute myocardial ischemia through activiting α2-adrenergic receptor.

BACKGROUND:Fructus Zipiphi Jujubae,with certain cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP),has effects on hypertension,diabetes,cancer and cardiogenic shock.But there has been rare report on the influence of Fructus Zipiphi Jujubae on blood lipid. OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of juice of Fructus Zipiphi Jujubae on body function and blood lipid level in mice. DESIGN:A completely randomized basic study taking experimental animals as the subjects. SETTINGS:Department of bioengineering,school of life science and technology in a university;Department of endocrinology in a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS:The experiment was completed in the Department of Bioengineering,School of Life Science and Technology in Xi'an Jiaotong University from March to May 2003.ICR mice of clean grade, weighing 20 g to 40 g,were provided by the Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine[Certification No.08-004]. Juice of Fructus Zipiphi Jujubae:The Chinese date was picked, cleaned,heated and fractured moderately,mixed with water of 10 times and pectinase with the quantity percentage of 0.70% ,soaked at 50 ℃ for 6 hours,then the juice was filtered and condensed into 16% soluble solids,then sterilized for use later.Forty-eight mice (24 male and 24 female) were randomly divided into 4 groups according to body mass with 12 in each group:normal control group(group A), normal date juice group(group B),model control group(group C) and model date juice group(group D). INTERVENTIONS:Mice in group A were fed with basic diet,drank water for 24 hours;Mice in group B were fed with basic diet,drank water and date juice for 12 hours respectively;Mice in group C were fed with high-fat diet,drank water for 24 hours;Mice in group D were fed with high-fat diet,drank water and date juice for 12 hours respectively.Changes of body mass,indexes of thymus gland and spleen were measured after treated with date juice for 30 days.High fat mice models were established,and blood lipid indexes were determined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Food efficiency of mice,index of thymus gland,spleen index,growth index of mice. RESULTS:The food efficiency and the indexes of thymus gland and spleen in group B were(9.93± 0.473) g/100 g,3.27± 0.35 and 2.93± 0.51 respectively,which were all obviously higher than those in group A[(7.56± 0.382) g/100 g,(3.14± 0.54),(2.87± 0.33)](t=2.55,2.37,2.41,P< 0.05).The body mass was obviously higher in group B [(36.73 ± 4.70) g] than in group A[(34.92 ± 5.12) g] (t=2.32,P< 0.05);while those were very significantly higher in group C and group D [(39.83 ± 6.00), (37.63 ± 2.73) g] than in group A and group B[(34.92 ± 5.12), (36.73 ± 4.70) g](t=4.13,2.48,P< 0.01),and that in the group D[(37.63 ± 2.73) g] was obviously lighter than that in the group C[(39.83 ± 6.00)g](t=2.26,P< 0.05).The serum levels of total cholesterol(TC) in the in group C and group D were significantly higher than those in group A and group B(P< 0.01), while that was significantly lower in group D than in group C(P< 0.05). The serum levels of triglyceride(TG),low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C),arteriosclerosis index(AI),high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C) and HDL-C/TC were significantly higher in group C than in group A(P< 0.01,P< 0.05).TC, HDL-C,AI,HDL-C/TC,TG and LDL-C in group D were lower than those in group C(P< 0.05,P< 0.01). CONCLUSION:Juice of Fructus Zipiphi Jujubae can obviously increase the body mass,promoting food efficiency and indexes of thymus gland and spleen of mice, and has the significant effect on the reinforcement of body function in mice.Juice of Fructus Zipiphi Jujubae can decrease the serum levels of TC,TG and LDL-C in mice with hyperlipidemia,and has the remarkable ameliorating effect on hyperlipidemia of mice induced by high-fat feed.

AIM　To discuss the intraspecific relationship in Magnolia officinalis and the genuineness of Cortex Magnoliae officinalis, and to find some DNA characters of certified “Houpo”. METHODS　Thirty-three samples from eleven locations, which can represent most of the distribution of M.officinalis, were selected. The total DNA was extracted. Severty-four random primers were tried to get good amplification. RESULTS One hundred and sixteen bands amplified from seventeen primers, were clustered by NTSYS-pc software. Three branches were obtained. Some distinctive primers and bands, which represent certified species or fine breed, were obtained also. CONCLUSION　1) M.officinalis should be divided into three geographic clans instead of two subspecies or varieties, they are, a) typical officinalis, b) typical biloba and c) Middle type. This conclusion agrees with the leaf form and other characters. 2) The genetic difference between “Chuanpo” and “Wenpo” is evident and the difference is in correspondence with the quantities of their chemical constituents. So, the genetic difference is the main reason of the genuineness of Cortex Magnoliae officinalis. 3) These results may be used to establish DNA database for identification of Cortex Magnoliae officinalis.

Objective To observe the protective effect of magnesium gluconate on myocardial apoptosis by ischemia reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts, and study the possible mechanism. Methods The hearts of 48 Sprague-Dawely rats were isolated, linked to Lange-ndorff perfusion apparatus, and randomly divided into 3 equal groups(n = 16 each) : Control group, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group and magnesium gheonate group. 8 rats in each group were perfused. Control group was pedused with modified KH buffer for 110min. I/B group was perfuesd with modified KH buffer for 20 min, then exposed to iscbemia for 30 min, and then reperfused with modified KH buffer for 60 min. Magnesium gheonate group was perfumed with modified KH buffer with magnesium gluconate for 20 min, then exposed to isohemia for 30 min and then reperfused with modified KH buffer with magnesium glueonate for 60 min. Lacate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ereatine kinase (CK) in the effluent liquid from the heart were measured after reperfusion. The concentration of Ca2+ and NO in the left ventricle were determined. The other 8 rats in each group were reperfused for 120 minutes as the method described before. After repeffusion, the myoeyte apoptosis was examined by Annexin-V-FITC/PI. After the two experiments the incidence of ventrieular arrhytlunias during reperfusion was assessed. Results Compared with I/R, magnesium glueonate decreased the incidence of ventricular an'hythmias(P <0. 01). The contents of CK and LDH in the effluent liquid from the heart in magnesium glueonate group was lower than that of I/R group (P <0. 01). The contents of Ca2+ and NO in the left ventricle in magnesium gluconate group was decreased than that of I/R group (P <0. 01). The index of myocyte apoptosis were significanfly lower in magnesium glueonate group than that of I/R group (apoptosis index :27.79±1.59 vs 33.61±2.10, P < 0. 01) . Conclusion Magnesium glueonate has protective effect on myocardial isohemia reperfusion injury in rats. The protective effect may be related to decreasing myocyte apoptosis by increasing the content of NO and relieving calcium overload.

Objective To investigate the mechanism that bFGF promotes the regeneration of injured optic nerve and induces dedifferentiation of glial cells in it. Methods Fifty-five adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups as normal control group, injury group and bFGF group. At day 7 post operation, optic nerves from injury group and bFGF group were detected by gene chip and real-time PCR. At day 7, 14 post operation, optic nerves were harvested and detected by HE staining and immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the injury group, there were 645 genes expression up-regulated and 458 genes down-regulated including genes related neural stem cell or precursor cell neural development, proliferation, apoptosis, chromatin configuration, transcription regulation, signal transduction, neural growth and so on in the bFGF group. There were bigger nuclei, more cells, more immunoreactivity of nestin, extracellular signal-regulated kinase(Erk1/2), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP), and myelin basic protein(MBP) in the distal optic nerves and more immunoreactivity of neurofilament(NF) in the proximal optic nerves in the bFGF group than that in the injury group.Conclusion bFGF could promote the proliferation of neuroglia cells, dedifferentiation of neural glias and improve the microenvironment to favour the regeneration of injured optic nerve.

Objective To investigate the dedifferentiation of neuroglial cells and its induction after optic nerve injury. Methods Adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups the normal control group,the injury group,the transplantation group and the microcrush and transplantation group.Optic nerves were harvested at days 3,7,14 and 28 after the operation.HE staining was used to count the number of neuroglial cells.Immunohistochemistry,Western blotting and in situ hybridization histochemistry were employed together with computerized image analysis to evaluate the expressions of Nestin,GFAP,MBP,NF,BDNF,Nogo-A and Nogo-A mRNA.Immunofluorescence double staining was used to detect the co-expression of Nestin and GFAP or Nestin and MBP. Results The number of cells only increased at day 7 after the nerve injury, the expressions of Nestin,MBP,Nogo-A and Nogo-A mRNA were up-regulated,the expressions of GFAP,NF and BDNF were down-regulated,and some Nestin-GFAP positive cells and a few of Nestin-MBP positive cells were detected in the injury group.Compared with the injury group,the number of cells was increased sometime after the nerve injury;the expressions of Nestin,GFAP,BDNF and NF were up-regulated,the expressions of MBP,Nogo-A and Nogo-A mRNA were down-regulated,and the number of Nestin-GFAP positive cells increased in the transplantation group and the microcrush and transplantation group.Conclusion After optic nerve injury,some astrocytes undergo dedifferentiation while the macroglial cells display a gene expression pattern that is unfavorable for nerve regeneration.Pre-degenerated peripheral nerves could enhance the dedifferentiation of astrocytes and induce the gene expression pattern of macroglial cells that is favorable for nerve regeneration.

The enzyme-inhibitor model and the sugar tolerance mouse model were used to evaluate the relationship between the inhibition rate of enzyme activity and concentration of Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. chinensis Rousi polysaccharide (HRP). The inhibitory patterns of enzyme and dose-dependent effects of HRP's effect on blood glucose using acarbose tablets as control were also examined. The mechanism underlying hypoglycemic effects of HRP was discussed. The results showed: in the enzyme-inhibitor model, the inhibitory activity of different concentrations of HRP (9.80, 19.60, 39.20, 78.40, 156.80 and 312.50 mg x L(-1)) on alpha-glucosaminidase (AG) inhibitory activity were 6.62%, 18.02%, 33.26%, 48.23%, 62.11%, 76.31%, 90.12%, IC50 was 31.59 mg x L(-1). The inhibitory rate of 25.00 x 10(3) mg x L(-1) acarbose tablets was only 64.87%, and IC50 was 10.75 x 10(3) mg x L(-1). In the sugar tolerance mouse model, different doses of HRP (240, 480, 960 mg x kg(-1)) tended to decrease levels of blood glucose compared with control group (acarbose tablets 375 mg x kg(-1)) at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. It's further confirmed that HRP is a kind of competitive inhibitor of AG activity. Its inhibition rate increases with the increase of concentration in normal mice, and it subsequently improves the sugar tolerance showing the effect of reducing blood sugar.

Objective To investigate the clinical pathological association of FOXQ1 with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). Colorectal mucosa specimens were collected between Jane 2007 and June 2009 in the First hospital of Yunnan prorince, and consisted of CRC (n=76), CRA (n=50) and normal (n=48,≥8 cm apart from cancer) tissues. Methods The expression of FOXQ1 in colorectal mucosa with was detected using immunohistochemistry (SP method). PCR amplification and direct DNA sequencing were used to identify FOXQ1 gene mutations in 23 CRC, 22 CRA and 18 normal specimens. Results There was no expression of FOXQ1 in normal specimens. Aberrant expression of FOXQ1 in either CRC or CRA specimens was significantly higher than in normal colorectal mucosa tissue (76.3% vs 0.0%, 26.0% vs 0.0% respectively, P＜0.01).Aberrant expression rates of FOXQ1 was significantly higher in CRC than that in CRA (76.3% vs 26.0%, P＜0.01). Expression level of FOXQ1 was increase gradually along with the pathological process of colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. In CRC, the aberrant expression of FOXQ1 was not only distributed in nuclear of the tumor cells, but also found in the cytoplasm and the extracellular matrix. For CRC patients, the aberrant expression rates of FOXQ1 in extracellular matrix in Dukes C/D was significantly higher than that in Dukes A/B (61.5% vs 3.3%, 61.5% vs 5.0% respectively,P＜0.01);The aberrant expression of FOXQ1 in extracellular matrix in patient with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than those without lymph node metastasis (61.5 % vs 4.0 %, P＜0.01). FOXQ1 gene mutation was only identified in one out of 23 CRC specimens, but not found in 22CRA nor 18 normal colorectal mucosa samples. Conclusions Aberrant expression of FOXQ1 may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of CRC and FOXQ1 gene may be involved in the cancer erosion and lymph node metastasis. FOXQ1 mutation is not the primary cause of aberrant FOXQ1 expression in CRC.

Objective To investigate the impacts of S-ademetionine (SAM) on cell cycles,apoptosis and invasive capacity of gastric cancer cell lines,and its effects on methylation and expressions of c-myc and uPA.Methods MKN-28,SGC-7901 and MKN-45 cells were treated with gradient concentrations of SAM(0,2 and 4 mmol/L) for 72 hours.The changes of cell cycles and apoptosis were detected by flow eytometry,and invasion was detected by transwell assay.The expressions and methylations of c-myc and uPA were examined by RT-PCR and MSP,respectively.Results The cell apoptosis significantly increased and cell invasive capacity was restrained in three cell lines with increase of SAM concentration (all P values<0.01).In SGC-7901,the cell percentage of G0/G1 phase significantly increased [(74.53±2.49)% vs.(56.67±1.18)%,P<0.053,whereas the cell proliferation index (PI) decreased [(25.50±2.46)% vs.(43.33±1.18)%,P<0.05] in comparison with controls.The expressions of c-myc and uPA mRNA in SGC-7901,uPA mRNA in MKN-45 and in 4 mmol/L SAM treated MKN-28 significantly decreased.The methylations of c-myc gene in SGC-7901 and uPA gene in three cell lines were reversed after treated with SAM.Conclusions SAM reduces expressions of c-myc and uPA by reversing the methylations of c-myc in SGC-7901 and uPA in all three cell lines.However SAM,as methyl donor,can restrain the development and progression of tumor when hypomethylation widely presents in cancer.

Objective To investigate the correlative factors affecting the plasma D-dimer level in elderly patients. Methods Five hundred and seventy-eight hospitalized elderly patients were included in this study. All participants were di-vided into normal group (＜0.4 mg/L) and elevated group (≥0.4 mg/L) according to the plasma D-dimer value,which was mea-sured by automated quantitative turbidimetric latex agglutination test. The differences in clinical indicators were compared be-tween two groups. The factors leading to the increased plasma levels of D-dimer in elderly patients were also analyzed. Results It was found that the patient age, C-reactive protein, prothrombin time, proportions of type 2 diabetes mellitus, ma-lignant tumor, bacterial pneumonia and (or) acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis were significant higher in elevated group than those of normal group (P＜0.05), but the levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower in elevated group than those of normal group (P＜0.05). There was a positive correlation between serum level of D-dimer and age, C-reactive protein (r=0.254 and 0.265, P ＜ 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the factors affecting plasma D-dimer level of elderly patients were aging, elevated C-reactive protein level, existing of malignant tumor, type 2 dia-betes mellitus, and bacterial pneumonia and (or) acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Conclusion Aging, existing of type 2 diabetes mellitus, malignant tumor, or acute inflammatory state were the important factors leading elevated plasma D-dimer levels in elderly patients.