Objective To explore the characteristics and risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) onset in pedigrees. Methods A total of 865 subjects were screened and diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) based on American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) , maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and chondriosome diabetes were excluded by clinical features and laboratory test of insulin and autoantibodies including glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody, insular cellular antibody and insulin autoantibody. A total of 182 pedigrees of T2DM were obtained. Results No gender difference was found in the prevalence of T2DM (42. 59% in male and 48. 18% in female respectively, P ＞0. 05) , nor was the newly diagnosed rate(9. 89% in male and 11. 82%in female, P ＞ 0. 05). The onset age was (63. 3 ± 12. 4) years old in the first generation [(64. 4 ± 12. 5)years in male and (62. 3 ± 10. 3) years in female] , (47. 1 ± 8. 7) years old in the second generation [(48. 2 ±9. 3)years in male and (46. 1 ± 8. 1) years in female] , (29. 6 ± 10. 2) years old in the third generation [(28. 9 ±9. 5)years in male and (30. 0 ± 10. 4)years in female]. Compared with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects , newly diagnosed T2DM and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) subjects had higher prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and smoking but less physical activities. Statistical differences were shown in body weight five years before diagnosis, one years before diagnosis and at diagnosis in newly diagnosed T2DM[(68. 4 ±12. 4)kg, (69. 5 ± 11. 0)kg and (69. 1 ±9. 6)kg] and IGR[(66. 1 ±10.7)kg, (65.9 ± 10.7) kg and(65.7 ± 10.4) kg] , when compared with NGT [(61.0 ± 10.2) kg,(59. 5 ±11.0) kg and (60. 1 ± 10. 4) kg, all P ＜ 0. 05] . The same results were obtained with waist circumference and waist-hip ratio [(4. 1 ± 12. 5) cm and 0. 92 ± 0. 36 in newly diagnosed T2DM while (89. 1 ± 10. 7) cm and 0. 90 ± 0. 64 in IGR] , when compared with NGT[(82. 5 ± 10. 1) cm and 0. 82 ±0. 25] , all P ＜0. 05. Conclusions No gender difference was found in the onset characteristics of T2DM.High prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and smoking with less physical activities were associated with T2DM.

Objective To determine the status of glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients in Jiangsu province. Methods Survey was conducted among outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 56 diabetes centers including 23 tertiary hospitals, 18 secondary hospitals and 15 primary hospitals, covering 13 cities in Jiangsu province. Data were obtained by patient interview and by reviewing medical records of the most recent laboratory assessment and clinical examinations. Blood samples were collected during patient′s visits for assessment of HbA1C. Results The mean HbA1Cof 2 966 patients was 7.18%±1.58%. Mean age of patients was(56.4±11.2) years, mean duration of diabetes was(6.3±5.7) years, and mean body mass index was(24.5±3.3) kg/m2. The proportion of good control was 40.2% defined as HbA1C＜6.5%. 42.2% of the patients in the tertiary hospitals, 36.5% of the cases in the secondary hospitals, and 36.2% of cases in the primary hospitals achieved that goal with HbA1C＜6.5%, while age, body mass index, and duration of diabetes revealed no difference among these 3 groups of patients. Conclusions The status of glycemic control in Jiangsu province has been improved as compared with the result from national survey performed 3 years ago. Patients from tertiary hospitals are better controlled than those from secondary and primary hospitals. Structural interventions to improve diabetes care in secondary and primary hospitals are needed.

Telocytes are novel interstitial cells with a specific structure:the body has an elliptical shape or a triangle shape,with slender and thin protrusions that connect with other cells to form a complex 3D network.This article summarizes the structural characteristics and identification Methods of Telocytes and demonstrates their potential functions as a new target for disease prevention and treatment.
Telocytes