Objective To explore the clinical significance of interleukin (IL)- 17 in nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) and serum of wheezing children under 5 years old. Methods Fifty-three children with recurrent wheezing under 5 years old were divided into wheezing group Ⅰ (with atopic high risks,27 cases)and wheezing group Ⅱ (without atopic high risks, 26 cases) ;20 children without infectious diseases such as hernia and renal calculus were enrolled as control group. After collecting and dealing their NPS and serum,the levels of IL-17 were measured by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The levels of IL-17 in serum and NPS in wheezing group Ⅰ [(1469.32 ± 978.30),(1473.70 ±974.35) ng/L],and wheezing group Ⅱ [(263.34 ± 131.80), (788.28±132.40) ng/L] were significantly higher than those in control group [(36.48 ± 2.00), (36.45 ± 5.00) ng/L] (P ＜ 0.01 ), and the levels of IL- 17 in wheezing group Ⅰ were higher than those in wheezing group Ⅱ (P ＜ 0.05 ); the expression of IL- 17 in NPS and serum had a positive correlation (r = 0.313,P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion The detections of IL-17 in NPS can be used as laboratory index to distinguish wheezing children who have a tendency to persistent wheezing, and early intervention and treatment should be given.

Ginsenosides are the main active components of medicinal herbs including Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium, which have potent effects of anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and apoptosis inhibition. But the low content of ginsenosides limits its development and usage. At present, how to improve the production of ginsenosides by biological technology has been a new research focus. Some advances in the biosynthesis of ginsenosides by tissue culture and biotransformation have been made in recent years. So far at least twenty genes related to the biosynthesis of ginsenosides from Panax genus plants have been cloned and functionally identified, which has laid a good foundation for the study on the synthetic biology of ginsenosides. This review outlines recent advances in several aspects and is expected to provide a theoretical support to the thorough research of the pathway and regulation of ginsenosides biosynthesis.

OBJECTIVE To further improve the quality and promote implementation of(disinfection) and isolation(system), in order to reduce hospital infection.METHODS The quality control network is applied to perfect(disinfection) and isolation system and implemented the quality inspection according to standards to promote the(improvement) of management quality.RESULTS According to weak links existent in management to further(improve) the quality of work(analysis) and inspection that implemented,find out the course of implementing in(existent) weak link,improve and realize the disinfection and isolation system in practice.CONCLUSIONS The further improvement of quality in disinfection and isolation system implement is the best way to improve the(hospital) management of disinfection and isolation.

Objective To evaluate the role of procalcitonin (PCT)in the early diagnosis for hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD)with bacterial infection.Methods Clinical data of 234 HFMD children who were hospitalized be-tween January and July 2012 were analyzed retrospectively,according to discharge diagnosis,data were divided into simple viral infection group (n=178)and viral associated with bacterial infection group (n=56),and data of 20 healthy children were selected as the control group.Serum PCT,C-reactive protein (CRP)and peripheral white blood cell (WBC)count were compared.Results There was significant difference in the level of PCT,CRP and WBC among three groups (F=381.94,24.18,and 26.46,respectively,all P<0.05).The positive rate of PCT,CRP and WBC among three groups was significantly different(χ2=178.25,38.98,and 71.21,all P<0.05),PCT,CRP and WBC in bacterial infection group(92.86%[52/56],85.71%[48/56],and 87.50%[49/56]respectively)were significantly higher than those of simple viral infection group (3.93%[7/178],62.36%[111/178],and 30.90%[55/178]respectively)and healthy control group (5.00%[1/20],10.00%[2/20],and 5.00%[1/20]respectively).The sensitivity rate of PCT,CRP and WBC was 92.86%,85.71%,and 87.50% respectively,specificity rate was 95.00%,90.00%,and 95.00% respectively.Conclusion The level of PCT has important value for the early diagno-sis of HFMD with bacterial infection,and its accuracy rate and sensitivity are better than CRP and WBC levels.

Objective To explore the relation among depression,hopelessness and suicide risk,as well as the mediating effect of hopelessness between depression and suicide risk.Methods 1 381 students were recruited from five junior middle schools in Linyi by using cluster random sampling.They were investigated with General Situation Questionnaire,Scale for Suicide Ideation(SSI),Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and Beck Depression Iventory (BDI).Results Suicide risk in junior middle school was significant positively correlated with depression and hopelessness (r=0.43 and 0.64 respectively,P＜0.01).Hopelessness partly mediated the relationship between depression and suicide risk (55.8％).Furthermore,hopelessness showed partial mediating effect on the relationship between depression and suicide risk in boys (42.7％) and in 7th Grade students (29.9％),and also complete mediating effect in girls (74.1％) and in 8th Grade students (95.3％).Conclusion The suicide risk in middle school students increase with the increasing of the severity of depression and hopelessness.The hopelessness plays different mediating effects on relation between depression and suicide risk in students with different gender and grade.

Objective To establish a method for determination of copper, manganese and cadmium in human urine by transversely heated GFAAS.Methods Matrix modifiers were used and background absorption was deducted, copper, manganese and cadmium in human urine were determined by transversely heated GFAAS after digestion.Results 5 g/L Mg(NO3)2 was taken as the matrix modifier when copper and manganese were determined and 0.3 g/L Mg(NO3)2 and 5 g/L NH4H2PO4 was taken as the matrix modifier when cadmium was determined.Under the designed standard conditions, the detection limits of copper, manganese and cadmium were 0.028-0.060 ?g/L;RSDs were 1.1%-5.1%;Recovery rates were 94.2%-107.5%.Conclusion The method is simple, accurate and sensitive, and is applicable to the determination of copper, manganese and cadmium in human urine.

OBJECTIVE To explore the efficacy of the systemic sanitary monitoring of nosocomial infection(NI) disinfection and sterilization in NI management and performance of related NI standards of Ministry of Health in hospital.METHODS To review and treat statistically spot sampling results in 12 seasons from 2004 to 2006,and to observe performance of continued improvement after taking measures.RESULTS The qualified rate of 1647 samples including autoclave sterilizer,sterilized pack,sterilized endoscope and attachment,solution for dialysis and 2% glutaraldehyde solution was 100% from 2004 to 2006;3411 bacteriological monitoring samples of air,surface of object,hands etc and 1284 samples of all kinds of disinfectants were monitored.The annual statistical results of above mentioned samples were significantly different(?2=4.11-27.37,P

OBJECTIVE To explore the comprehensive endoscopic management to prevent hospital infection and reduce the incidence of infection in hospitals. METHODS According to the characteristics of the endoscopy,the quatitative evaluation of endoscopic examination management was included in the inspection and implementation system. RESULTS During quantitative evaluation in the past three years,there were no outbreaks of epidemics and the quantitative evaluation improved year by year. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopy management,leadership attention and support are the keys to ensure effective measures of co-management and quantitative evaluation.

From teaching design principle, the article has discussed the key element of the process of hygiene examination teaching designs, and has brought forward three kinds of rational science design process patterns.

Objective To find effective measures to reduce blood transfusion reactions through retrospective analysis on adverse reactions of blood transfusion .Methods Statistically analyse the the occurrence of adverse transfusion reactions from Jan .2011 to May 2015 .Results The total adverse transfusion reaction rate was 0 .31% (136/43 874) .The adverse reaction rate of cryoprecipi‐tate infusion was the highest(1 .27% ) in all kinds of blood components infusions ,followed by whole blood(0 .56 % ) ,red blood cell suspension(0 .44% ) ,frozen plasma (0 .32% ) ,platelets (0 .27% ) ,leukocyte -depletion red blood cell suspension (0 .00% ) and washed red blood cell(0 .00% ) .When considering the times of blood transfusion ,the reaction rates of once ,twice ,3 times and ≥4 times were 0 .19% ,0 .27% ,0 .66% and 1 .24% respectively .The incidences of adverse reactions caused by different blood transfu‐sion were statistically significant(P< 0 .05) .60 .29% adverse transfusion reactions happened to people with a history of blood transfusion .The most common adverse transfusion reaction was non-hemolytic reaction which accounted for 62 .50% ,followed by allergic reactions accounting for 33 .09% .Conclusion Leukocyte-depletion red blood cells suspension is proved to be safer ,and could reduce the transfusion reactions .Leukocyte-depletion red cell suspension could benefit the patient who needs blood transfu‐sion more than twice .