Objective To understand and evaluate the early breastfeeding behaviors in preterm infants,and to analyze the evolution process of early breastfeeding behaviors in preterm infants,and therefore to provide a theoretical basis for preterm infant breastfeeding.Methods A continuous evaluation of early breastfeeding behaviors in 38 preterm infants was performed commencing on the beginning of breastfeeding and finishing on the attainment of breastfeeding.Results The earliest breastfeeding was initiated from a postmenstrual age (PMA) of 30 weeks.Obvious rooting,efficient areolar grasp,repeated short sucking bursts and irregular swallowing were noted from 31 weeks; The maximum number of consecutive sucks was limited to between 6 and 24 sucks,with a median of 18 sucks.Full breastfeeding was attained at a median of 36 weeks,between 33 and 38 weeks.Conclusions The early breastfeeding capacity in preterm infants is enhanced and becomes perfect gradually with the implementation of breastfeeding,and that is sufficient and practical for establishment of full breastfeeding at a low postmenstrual age of preterm infants.

Objective To optimize the preparation of high-efficiency galactocylated poly-L-lysine (Gal-PLL) ligand of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in liver, providing premise and foundation for upper preparation of ultrasound contrast agent of liver targeted nanoscale perfluorocarbon microballoon and the liver targeted molecular imaging. Methods Chemical reactions of reductive amination were carried out on group A and group B according to different proportions of reaction component. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups. In group A, three different molar ratios of D-galactose and poly-L-lysine (PLL) were compounded respectively with equivalent and sufficient reductant borohydride. In group B, identical molar ratios of D-galactose and PLL were compounded respectively with three unequal reductants borohydride. Products of each group were separated and purified by sephadex column to acquire different molecular weight distributions and the results were analyzed. Results In the condition of identical reductant, the peak curve of compound's molecular weight appeared earlier when D-galactose decreased properly. In the condition of identical molar ratio of D-galactose and PLL,the peak curve of compound's molecular weight appeared also earlier when reductant decreased properly. When the molar ratio of D-galactose and reductant was 1∶1, the peak curve of compound Gal-PLL and free components was more obvious, and the quantity of compound Gal-PLL increased to maximum. Conclusions In the condition of identical reductant, coupling effect of D-galactose and PLL increased when D-galactose decreased properly. In the condition of identical molar ratio of D-galactose and PLL, coupling effect was better when reductant decreased properly. When the molar ratio of D-galactose and reductant was 1∶1, coupling effect of them was the best. The coupling of D-galactose and PLL was related to not only the proportion of D-galactose and PLL, but also the proportion of D-galactose and reductant.

Objective To discuss pathological features of three cases of uterine primary NHL(non Hodgkin′s lymphoma).Methods The clinical and pathological data of 3 cases of NHL were collected.Immunohistochemical method was used to label the tumor cells.Their histological types were classified by the latest WHO Classification of Tumors of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues,and then differential diagnosis with other uterus diseases was offered.Results Three cases were presented with abnormal vaginal bleeding or ejecting as the first symptom,which was easily misdiagnosed as common diseases of the uterus in preliminary clinical and pathological diagnosis.Histopathology of general uterus specimens demonstrated that case one expressed CD3,CD56,TiA-1 and so on,and detected EBV virus cells expression,which supported the diagnosis of NK/T cell lymphoma.Another two cases expressed B cell-specific markers(CD20) and so on,and these tumor cells volume was 3 times larger than that of lymphocyte.These tumor cells had high proliferation index and supported diffuse large B-cell lymphoma diagnosis.Conclusion The tumor cells are like lymphocytes.We infiltrate endometria and myometrium,which is difficult to identify from endometria stromal sarcoma and other tumors,and need to use immunohistochemistry(IHC) for definitive diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

Objective To study the feasibility of the Fe3O4-loaded lipid perfluorooctylbromide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-PFOB) for enhanced ultrasound imaging.Methods The Fe3O4-PFOB nanoparticles,incubated with RAW264.7 macrophage cells,were monitored by microscope and ultrasound.Twelve SD rats were randomized into two groups,Fe3O4-PFOB group and PFOB group.Ultrasound imaging of rats' liver was performed before and after intravenous injection of the contrast agents.The liver echogenic intensity was quantified by DFY ultrasound quantified system analysis.Results Incubation of the Fe3O4-PFOB nanoparticles with macrophages resulted in the uptake of Fe3O4-PFOB by macrophages.Macrophages loaded with Fe3O4-PFOB exhibited enhanced echogenicity in vitro.In in vivo imaging,Fe3O4-PFOB produced better and prolonged ultrasound enhancement of rats' liver compared to PFOB nanoparticles.Conclusions Fe3O4-PFOB nanoparticles could enhance ultrasound imaging and may potentially serve as a multimodal probe for ultrasound,CT and MR imaging.

Objective To study the preventive effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on acute tubular necrosis of kidney in rats. Method The rat models of acute renal tubular necrosis were established with injecting glycerol in dose of 10 mL/kg. Thirty Wistar rats were randomly (random number) divided into control group, model group and EPO treatment group. EPO was administered intravenously into rats of treatment group in a dose of 1000IU/kg. Levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr), urine osmolality, urine N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), urine β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), tissue MDA and SOD of rats in the three groups were assayed after the experiment. Renal histological examination was also performed. Results Compared with model group, the levels of BUN and Scr, urine osmolality, NAG,β2-MG and tissue MDA in EPO treament group were significantly lower, but urine osmolality and tissue SOD of rats remarkably increased in comparison with model group. EPO also lessened the histological changes in treatment group. Conclusions EPO has some protective effects on acute renal tubular necrosis in rats, which is probably through preventing oxygen free radical damage and elevating endogenous antioxidation potential.

RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) is a multiligand receptor on the cell surface.Ligand-RAGE inter-actions activate several signal transduction pathways that propa-gate cellular oxidative stress and inflammatory response.RAGE expressed on the CD4 + T cells has been identified as a central transduction receptor which affects the activation,proliferation, migration and differentiation of the cells.In addition,blockade of RAGE suppressed the development of multiple immune-related
disorders mediated by CD4 + T cells.These studies highlight the importance of RAGE and its ligands for CD4 + T cells.This arti-cle briefly reviews the role of RAGE and its ligands on the prolif-eration,migration and differentiation of CD4 + T cells and sum-marizes the related research progress.

OBJECTIVE To study infection and drug resistance of mycoplasma from semen of infertility men. METHODS Mycoplasma from semen of infertility men was identified by cultivation,and the sensitivities to drugs were also performed. RESULTS In 267 cases the positive rate of mycoplasma was 46.07%.Simple infection of Ureaplasma urealyticum(Uu) accounted for 41.57%(11),and Mycoplasma hominis(Mh) 1.50%(4),and the mixed 3.00%(8).The result of drug sensitive test showed that sensitivities of mycoplasma to minocycline,doxycycline and josamycin were the highest,and then were roxithromycin and azithromycin.The drug resistance of mycoplasma to ofloxacin and clindamycin was the highest. CONCLUSIONS The infectious rate of mycoplasma from semen of infertility men is on big rise.It is important to culture and test the drug sensitivities of mycoplasma to use drugs rationally.

OBJECTIVE To study infection status and drug resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum(Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis(Mh) in the female genital tract.METHODS The retrospective analysis of identification and the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of mycoplasma in 2263 female cervical secretions from Jan 2007 to Jun 2008 were conducted.RESULTS In 2263 cases,the positive rate of mycoplasma was 66.46%.The infection only by Uu accounted for 45.03%,by Mh for 1.46%,and the mixed infection for 19.97%.The results of drug sensibility test showed that drug resistances of mycoplasma were diffirent among three types of mycoplasma infections.CONCLUSIONS The infectious rate of mycoplasma from female cervical secretions is on big rise.It is important to culture and test the drug sensitivities of mycoplasma for choosing drugs rationally and control the resistant strains.

Objective To explore the impact of nucleos(t)ide analogue antiviral therapy on anxiety and depression of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB),and analyze the related factors.Methods Before nucleos(t)ide analogue antiviral therapy,1 year and 2 years after antiviral therapy,120 CHB patients were investigated with self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS).The demography data of patients were collected.Serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and other biochemical indicators were measured regularly.Results Before nucleos(t)ide analogue antiviral therapy,1 year and 2 years after antiviral therapy,both the mean scores of SAS and SDS became lower gradually (F=12.661 and 22.395,respectively;both P＜0.01).The percentage of patients with SAS and SDS scores more than 50 were 5.8％,4.2％,1.7％ and 13.3％,7.5％,5.0％,respectively.After 2 years of therapy,the anxiety improvement rate of the patients obtained HBV DNA＜1000 copy/mL was 69.0％,while those with HBV DNA≥1000 copy/mL was 22.2％ (x2 =22.325,P＜0.01).Meanwhile,after 2 years of therapy,the depression improvement rate of the patients obtained HBV DNA＜1000 copy/mL was 77.4％,while those with HBV DNA≥1000 copy/mL was 22.2％ (x2 =32.179,P＜0.01).Multiple factors Logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds ratios (OR) of improvement of anxiety and depression in patients with HBV DNA＜1000 copy/mL were 7.751 (95％ CI:3.026-19.853) and 15.069(95％ CI:5.309-42.770),respectively,compared with those with HBV DNA≥1000 copy/mL; and OR of improvement of depression in patients with ALT≤40 U/L waa 4.103 (95％ CI: 1.376 - 12.238).Conclusions Nucleos(t) ide analogue antiviral therapy could improve the anxiety and depression of CHB patients.The HBV DNA negativity is the independent impact factor of improvement of anxiety and depression in CHB the patients.

Objective To investigate the application value of uItrasonography in the classifying patients,preventing and treating the major earthquake-induced complications.Methods Seven hundred and forty-three patients were divided into four sorts by region of injuries:thoracic cavity,abdominal cavity,blood vessels of limbs and crush.According to the admission time,there were two phases and the data was analyzed respectively.Results Abnormal ultrasonic image was found in 218 of all patients,with positive ratio 29.3%.In the first phase,the morbidity of crush-induced hematoma was the highest,followed by pleural effusion,spleen rupture,liver fracture,injury of blood vessels,renal damage,intestinal rupture and crush syndrome with renal failure.Compared with that of the first phase,the morbidity of the injury of blood vessels and crush syndrome with renal failure increased in the second phase.Conclusions It was important to analyze the earthquake-induced injury because the major earthquake often cause the damage of multiple organs.