In recent years,the basal and clinical research in gonadal dysgenesis has achieved great progress.Considerable literatures concerning the diagnosis and therapy of these diseases have been published.In this review,we analyzed and summarized some more instructive literatures for clinical practice,discussed the problems and defects in gonadal dysgenesis research in China,and proposed some suggestions.

Local intra-arterial thrombolysis has better efficacy in treating acute ischemic stroke, including cardiogenic embolism, and the safety of combined intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis is higher. Recent studies have suggested that the combination of angioplasty and local intra-arterial thrombolysis plays an important role in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke during an acute emergency.

The effects of the temperature,materials and quantities of blood on results of PGM_1 phenotyping inbloodstains in a latin square were studied using polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing.The detectabletime of the bloodstains kept at 0℃,4℃,18℃ and 30℃ were 6 months,2 months,1 months and3 weeks respectively.The quantity of blood staining also had an effect on the detectable time of PGM_1subtyping in bloodstains.However,there was not any significant difference of detectable time of PGM_1subtyping in bloodstains on different materials was observed.In addition,a method for permanent storageof zymogram was developed using polyester sheet.

The phenotyping of erythrocyte esterase D of 221 Chinese random donors,Han nationalities in Shenyang,China,was performed by the agarose gel electrophoresis.Gene frequencies were:E_SD~1=0.629,E_SD~2= 0.371.There is no significant difference of gene frequencies of Han nationalities between Shenyang and Beijing.The minimal amount meeted the requirment for detection of E_S D were 1?l of fresh hemolysate or 1?l hemolysate.The E_S D can be detected from the hemolysates kept in 37℃ for 7～8days as well as from 1?l hemolysate bloodstain kept for 2 weeks and 5?l hemolysate bloodstain kept for 3 weeks.

Genetic polymorphism of the C1R subcomponent of human first complement component was in-vestigated in 360 unrelated Chinese individuals using isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting.Six common and four rare were detected. The allele frequencies were as follows: C1R * 1 = 0. 5181,C1R ? 2=0. 5291,C1R * 3= 0. 1472 and C1R * R(C1R * 5,C1R * 6,C1R * 12 and C1R * 13) = 0.0056. The distribution of allotypes fitted the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This complemlement sys-tem is a useful genetic marker for anthropological studies and forensic science practice.

Objective To observe the effect of piperine (PA) on experimental gallstone formation in the gallbladder of C57BL/6 mice. Methods 3 dietary groups of C57BL/6 with 10 mice each group were allocated as control (normal mice chow),lithogenic (1% cholesterol diet) and PA (1% cholesterol diet + PA 30 mg/kg body weight) group respectively for 4 weeks. The expression of Scp2 gene in liver tissue was measured by RT-PCR and the bile lipid contents was measured chemically,the cholesterol saturation index (CSI) was calculated by Carey’s method. Results Cholesterol crystals and stones were found in 10/10 and 9/10 gallbladders respectively in lithogenic group,but not found in control and PA groups. Comparing with the lithogenic group,the expression of Scp2 gene in liver tissue and CSI in the gallbladder bile were significantly decreased in PA group. Conclusions PA inhibit the experimental gallstone formation induced by high cholesterol feeding in C57BL/6 mice,with simultaneous decreasing of both the Scp2 gene expression in the liver tissue and the CSI value in the gallbladder bile. The further study of the preventive effect of gallstong formation of PA,whether or not related to the above results,is strongly suggested.

Objective To evaluate the activities of four demestic macrolides against C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae by antimicrobiai susceptibility testing. Methods Cell culture and immunoflourescence staining of chlamydial inclusions were used to determine MICs of four demestic macrolides against C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. Results MIC (0.5 μg/ml) was found for acylspriramycin,erythromycin and azithromycin against C. trachomatis serovar B while it was 4 μg/ml for acetylspiramycin. Agaisnt C. trachomatis serovar D, MIC was 0.25 μg/mi in both acylspriramycin and azithromycin, and MICs were 0.5 μg/ml and 2 μml in erythromycin and acetylspiramycin, separately. Agaisnt C. pneumoniae TWAR, erythromycin was the most active with MIC≤0. 016 μg/ml, acylspriramycin and azithromycin were the second with same M1C of 0.032 μg/ml. However, acetylspiramycin was less active with 0.5 μg/ml of MIC. Conclusion Except acetylspiramycin, acylspriramycin erythromycin and azithromycin had reliable activities against both C. trachomatis (serovar B and D) and C. pneumoniae.

The spceics identification by the hemoglobin band patterns in blood stains using isoelectric focusing with amphotine made in China is reported. Forty different sorts of bloodstain from human and animals were studied. Although the ability of species identification of hemogolbin band patterns in blood stains is lower than those in hemolysates, but the indentification of humen blood stain and the blood stains from most different spcies of animads were achieved. With the exception blood stain indintification between human adult foetus and monkey as well as between five groups in classes of bird and fish Human adult blood stain could be distinguished much easily from animal's blood stains but not from human foetus ,if the blood stairis were pretreated with PCMB. It is concluded that the species indentification of blood staine using isoelectice focusing with ampholinemade in china is possible.

An improved method for Ge phenotyping using sulfosalicylic acid staining after IEF is reported. Gc subtyping had been achieved and Gc variants were detected using this method without using anfi-Gc serum for immunofixation. Two new Gc variants Gc~(1c3) and Gc~(2c7) were discovered in Chinese people, and their frequencies were 0.0008 and 0.0004 respectively.

Objective To summarize and analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with subacute thyroiditis(SAT),so as to provide a basis for prevention and treatment.Methods The epidemiological and clinical data of 1 865 patients with SAT,who were treated in the Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease in 2015-2006,were collected.The SAT patients' sex,age,urban and rural areas,occupation and time of onset distributions,summary onset clinical manifestations,laboratory findings,treatment and outcome were analyzed retrospectively.Results The average age of the 1 865 patients with SAT was 42.16 years old,the youngest was 9 years old,and the oldest was 74 years old.Most of the patients were 21-50 years old,which was accounted for 62.36％ (1 163/1 865),and most of the patients were female,which was accounted for 83.70％ (1 561/1 865).Most of the patients lived in rural areas,which was accounted for 60.54％ (1 129/1 865).Most patients were onset in January,accounted for 20.48％ (382/1 865),and the least in July,accounted for 1.77％ (33/1865).For the clinical classification,the moderate type and the light type were the largest part with 1 716 cases,accounted for 92.01％,while the severe type was 149 cases,accounted for 7.99％.The clinical manifestations were as follows:the neck discomfort in 1 701 cases,accounted for 91.21％;neck pain,sore throat and palpitate in 1 439 cases,1 351 cases and 1 341 cases,accounted for 77.16％,72.44％ and 71.90％,respectively.Laboratory test results were as following:1 865 cases of thyroid 131I absorption rate reduced(100％);1 396 cases of thyroid nodules increased(74.85％);532 cases of FT3 and FT4 significantly increased,while TSH significandy decreased (28.53 ％);949 cases of FT3 and FT4 increased,while TSH decreased (50.88％);53 cases of FT3 and FT4 decreased,while TSH increased (2.84％);331 cases of FT3,FT4 and TSH in the normal range(17.75％).The thyroid 13I absorption rate significantly increased and thyroid nodules significantly reduced with treatment,the difference was statistically significant (t =-34.93,133.2,all P ＜ 0.001).1 813 patients were cured,while 52 cases arised hypothyroidism.Conclusion Majority of SAT patients are young women.The peak of the incidence of SAT lies in autumn and winter.The proportion of the moderate type is the highest.Early diagnosis and treatment is the key to improve the prognosis of patients with SAT.