Objective　To explore the mechanism of enhancing killing activities of tumor cell-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) by IL-4 gene modification. Methods　IL-4 gene was introduced into human hepatocellular carcinoma cell HepG2 cells using retroviral vector pL-IL-4-SN. Wild HepG2 and IL-4 gene-modified tumor cells were used to induce CTL responses, and cellular surface molecules were evaluated using flow cytometry. Results　The killing activities of tumor cell-specific CTL in IL-4 gene-modified groups were increased from (11.2±2.7)% to (72.5±12)%, which was about seven fold higher than CTL killing activities induced by HepG2 cells (P<0.01). High levels of expression of MHC class Ⅱ antigens as well as the co-stimulatory molecules B7-1 and ICAM-1 were found in IL-4 gene-transferred tumor cells. The expression of MHC class Ⅰwas not affected by IL-4 gene modification. The expression of cell surface molecules induced by IL-4 gene-modified tumor vaccines were completely abrogated through using anti-IL-4 McAb. A significant increase of IL-2 secretions was found during the induction of CTL responses when IL-4 gene-modified tumor cells were used as stimulatory cells. IL-2 secretion and CTL responses were inhibited by anti-IL-4 or anti-surface molecule McAb. Conclusion　IL-4 gene modification enhanced tumor cell-specific CTL killing activities through induction of the expression of cellular surface molecules and facilitation of IL-2 secretion.

It has been shown that Spirulina platensis can regulate imminological functions.We report here that crude extract and purified components (phycocyanin and polysaccharide) from Spirulina platensis can induce secretion of IL 2 in splenocyte of BALB/C mice by means of MTT method.In the present study,we showed that all experimental components can't enhance proliferation of CTLL which was used in MTT method,but induce IL 2 secretion in splenocyte of BALB/C mice in three different concentration (0.01,0.1,1 g?L -1 ).Indeed the purified components especially phycocyanin part showed stronger IL 2 inducing activity than the crude one.IL 2 level was grow up when the incubation time of splenocyte and Spirulina platensis increased.In the concentration of 1 g?L -1 ,detected Spirulina platensis in our study assist IL 2 inducing of ConA (2mg?L -1 ) in splenocyte of BALB/C mice.

Objective:To investigate the immune effects of Clostridium difficile toxoid B (CdtB) vaccine formulated with different mucosal adjuvants through microneedle immunization, and to provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Methods:CdtB vaccine was prepared with purified Clostridium difficile toxin B(TcdB) after formaldehyde detoxification. Female BALB/c mice were immunized with different doses of vaccine alone or in combination with mucosal adjuvants. The titers of specific serum IgG and fecal IgA were detected at 0 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d and 42 d after immunization. The protective effects of CdtB vaccine were evaluated by cell neutralization assay and Clostridium difficile challenge infection. Results:(1) With the increase of immune dose, the mice immunized with CdtB vaccine alone by microneedle not only produced better serum specific IgG, but also had higher level of IgA in feces. (2) When the mice were immunized with CdtB vaccine containing LT or CTB adjuvant by microneedle, the trend of serum specific IgG titer in each group increased with the increase of immune dose, especially in the group containing LT adjuvant. There were significant differences in the trend of specific IgA titer in feces between the adjuvant groups and the group without adjuvant, but the adjuvant effect was not obvious. (3) No significant difference in serum IgG titer was observed between the mice immunized with 10 μg CdtB by microneedle or intraperitoneal injection, but microneedle immunization significantly increased fecal IgA level. (4) The neutralization titers of specific antibodies in mouse serum after immunization and the test results of challenge protection in mice confirmed that the use of CdtB vaccine had certain protective effects.Conclusions:CdtB vaccine had better immune effects in mice through microneedle immunization, but the adjuvant effects of LT and CTB were not significant.

Objective:To investigate an association between glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)level and non-alcoholic fatty liver(NAFL)in the elderly.Methods:In this retrospective case-control study, 5 186 elderly individuals aged 65 years and over meeting the inclusion conditions via health physical examination were successively selected from January to December 2018.They were divided into NAFL group(n=1 731)and non-NAFL group(n=3 455). Waist circumference, body mass index, smoking history, diastolic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, serum levels of triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartic aminotransferase, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c were compared between the two groups, and their correlations with NAFL were analyzed.Results:The prevalence of NAFL was 33.4%(1, 731/5, 186). The values of waistline, body mass index, smoking history, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, glomerular filtration rate, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, fasting glucose and HbA1c were higher in the NAFL group than in non-NAFL group(all P<0.05). While levels of creatinine, urea nitrogen and age were lower in the NAFL group than in non-NAFL group( P<0.05). According to the quartile of HbA1c level, these subjects were divided into Q1 to Q4 groups(HbA1c<5.7%, 5.7≤HbA1c<6.0%, 6.0%≤HbA1c<6.5%, HbA1c≥6.5%), and the prevalence of NAFL in the Q1 to Q4 were 22.8%(225/1 120), 27.9%(398/1 429), 36.5%(514/1 409), 45.9%(564/1 228)respectively.The prevalence of NAFL was increased along with the increase in the level of HbA1c( P<0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, gender and metabolic components, the risk for developing NAFL was gradually increased in Q2 group, Q3 group, Q4 group versus Q1 group as the following OR value: OR=1.274, 95% CI: 1.004-1.616; OR=1.639, 95% CI: 1.294-2.077; OR=1.787, 95% CI: 1.337-2.389, respectively, all P<0.01. Conclusions:The prevalence of NAFL is positively associated with HbA1c levels in the elderly and HbA1c is an independent risk factor for NAFL disease.

ObjectiveTo understand the health-related life quality and its influencing factors in elderly community residents in Shanghai， and to provide reference for improving their life quality. MethodsDuring April to June 2021， a cross-sectional survey was conducted in five selected community health care centers， from Baoshan District， Minhang District， Songjiang District and Pudong New District of Shanghai， respectively. The elderly residents aged 65 and over who received physical examination were face-to-face interviewed using EQ-5D-5L scale. SPSS 26.0 and Stata 16 were used for statistical analysis. Binary logistic regression， multiple linear regression and Tobit regression were used to analyze influencing factors of each dimension in EQ-5D scale， EQ-VAS score and health utility value. ResultsA total of 1302 elderly residents were included in the study， and the proportions of problems in the five dimensions of EQ-5D-5L scale were pain/discomfort （13.9%）， mobility （9.1%）， daily activity （5.8%）， self-care ability （4.8%） and anxiety/depression （3.6%）， while age was a factor influencing problems in each dimension. The average score of EQ-VAS was 84.28±10.32， and the average health utility value based on Chinese population was 0.97±0.08， which was higher than the rest of the country. Tobit regression analysis showed that female （t=-3.96， P<0.001）， age group over 75 （t=-5.28， P<0.001）， high school education or above （t=-2.53， P=0.012）， chronic disease （t=-5.12， P<0.001） had poor quality of life （P<0.05）. ConclusionThe overall quality of life of the elderly in Shanghai community is good， but the quality of life in the elderly women and in the group suffering from chronic diseases is relatively poor. It is necessary to pay more attention to the key populations to improve their health status.