Objective　To study the expressions of oncogenes c-Ha-ras, c-ki-ras, pan-ras and c-myc and point mutation of c-Ha-ras1 during hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Methods　Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and microdissection of tissue (MDT)-PCR-SSCP were used to detect the oncogene expressions and point mutation of c-Ha-ras1 in both Solt-Farber model and DEN-induced liver cancer model. Results　The overexpression of c-Ha-ras was closely associated with the formation and proliferation of the precancerous basophilic hepatocyte foci, while that of c-myc with the growth of the oval cell foci. The abnormalities of IGF-Ⅱ played an important role in the evolution of precancerous foci/nodules towards hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The overexpression of fms was only associated with HCC of some rats. Conclusion　Hepatocarcinogenesis in rats was related with the overexpression of c-Ha-ras, c-myc, IGF-Ⅱand fms and the point mutation of c-Ha-ras1, and overexpression of these oncogenes was associated with morphological evolution.

Objective　To explore the relationship between morphologic evolution and proliferative activity during hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Methods　Imaging analysis technique was used to detect the morphologic parameters of cells in hepatic lesions in both Solt-Farber model and diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer model. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Results　The oval cells were identified as irregular small proliferating cells in size of one-eighth of and with a nucleus/cytoplasm ratio of 6 times of the normal hepatocyte by image analysis. The morphometric parameters of basophil hepatocyte in precancerous foci and nodule were similar to those of the liver cancer cell. PCNA and BrdU positive cells were mainly localized within the proliferative foci and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues. There was a better consistency between the development of hepatic lesions and cellular proliferative activity. Conclusion　The morphologic evolution is closely related to proliferative activity during hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

BACKGROUND:Cardiopulmonary exercise test plays a significant role in the evaluation of cardiopulmonary function, but it is limited by expensive equipments and professional personnel, and moreover, the subjects need to bear the maximal exercise intensity. As a result, it is extremely urgent to find a submaximal exercise test characterized by simple operation, low cost and easy to be popularized and used. OBJECTIVE:To compare the maximal oxygen uptake in cardiopulmonary exercise test and 6-minute stair climbing and descending test. METHODS:Sixty-seven volunteers were recruited to undergo the cardiopulmonary exercise test using the Bruce protocol, and then, the maximal oxygen uptake was detected. After that, al the participants were subjected to 6-minute stair climbing and descending test, folowed by determination of the maximal oxygen uptake. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The maximal oxygen uptake in the cardiopulmonary exercise test was significantly higher than that in the 6-minute stair climbing and descending test (P < 0.01), and there was a highly positive correlation and consistency between the maximal oxygen uptakes in the two tests (r=0.911,P < 0.01). Therefore, 6-minute stair climbing and descending test can be used to detect the maximal oxygen uptake, which may become an effective method for evaluating cardiopulmonary function.

Objective To compare the effect of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation(ACD-CPR) with standard- cardiopulmonary resuscitation(S-CPR) on ventricular function in a canine ventricular fibrillation model. Methods Ventricular fibrillation was induced in anesthetized and instrumented canine. Twenty-four dogs were randomly assigned to either ACD-CPR group or S-CPR group.After 4 minutes of untreated VF,two-dimension echocardiography was used to evaluate the left ventricular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV),left ventricular end-systolic volume(LVESV) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of every canine of the two groups when they were undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Results During ventricular fibrillation, both ACD-CPR group and S-CPR group showed decreased LVEDV compared with pre-ventricular fibrillation, but not statistically significant( P ＞0.05).LVEDV was increased in ACD-CPR group compared with S-CPR group, but not statistically significant (P＞ 0. 05). Both ACD-CPR group and S-CPR group showed significantly increased LVESV compared with pre-ventricular fibrillation,of which the difference was statistically significant ( P ＜0. 001). Both ACD-CPRgroup and S-CPR group showed significantly decreased LVEF compared with pre-ventricular fibrillation,of which the difference was statistically significant (P ＜0. 001). LVEF was increased in ACD-CPR group compared with S-CPR group,of which the difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.019). Conclusions Compared with S-CPR,ACD-CPR resulted in higher LVEF.

Objective To summarize the surgery effect of removal of tuberculum sellae meningiomas by anterior interhemispheric approach.Methods The data of 18 cases of removal of tuberculum sellae meningiomas by anterior interhemispheric approach were analyzed retrospectively.Results Simpson grade Ⅰ resection was achieved in 5 cases;grade Ⅱ in 10 cases and grade Ⅲ in 3 cases.15 patients were followed up for 6 months to 7 years,3.1 years on average.6 patients recovered normal ability in work and life,6 patients' symptom was improved after sugery,3 patients' postoperative visual acuity remained unchanged,2 patients got the result of medium disability and 1 patient died.Conclusion Large tuberculum sellae meningiomas that grows anteriorly and superiorly can be well exposed through anterior interhemispheric approach,the amount of page pull is reduced,so the satisfactory sugical effect can be achieved.

Objective To explore the TCM pathogenesis regularity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD);To provide basis for clinical syndrome differentiation and treatment. Methods A cross-sectional study was used. The clinical observation form of NAFLD was used to collect the patient data. Factor analysis and singular value decomposition methods were used to study the internal factors of the four diagnostic characteristics. The differences between the various analytical methods were compared. Results Factor analysis used the α factor analysis method, the principal component method, and the image factor method. The results of α-factor analysis were the best. The first three factors had the highest explanatory rates of data, namely spleen-dampness factor, kidney deficiency factor and qi deficiency factor, which constituted the basic pathogenesis factor of NAFLD. The singular value decomposition method obtained 3 singular values, namely spleen and kidney qi deficiency, liver and kidney yin deficiency, and qi and yin deficiency, also highlighted the spleen and kidney deficiency in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Conclusion Spleen-kidney deficiency plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Treatment based on deficiency for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has great clinical significance.

Thirty-seven cases of brain glioma,confirmed by light microscopy and immuno-'histochemistry were studied with transmission electron microscopy.It was found that there were certain ultrastructural features for each type and each grade of glioma.In astrocytoma,there was certain amount of glial filaments in the tumor cells; Rosenthal fibers consisted of irregular osmiophilic masses surrounded with glial filaments,occasionally cytoplasmic annulate lamellae and intranuclear filaments could be seen,and the interstitial capillaries were characteristic.In typical oligodendroglioma,astrocytic processes containing glial filaments were quite present in different amounts.These findings suggest that observation on the ultrastructure of gliomas is of significance to establish the diagnosis,to assess the degree of differentiation,and to identify some rare structures which can reveal the essence of the tumor.In addition,ultrastructural observation is helpful for prognosis.

Objective To determine the length of warm ischemic (WI) tolerance in bronchial graft from non-heart-beating donors. Methods Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (each group having 12 rats) according to different WI durations including WI-0 min (group A), WI-30 min (group B), WI-45 min (group C) and WI-60 min (group D). In each group, the tracheae from 6 rats were respectively imbedded in greater omentum of other 6 rats, and 14 days later, the transplanted tracheae were taken from recipients to evaluate epithelial thickness and regeneration. Results Epithelial thickness and the degree of epithelial regeneration had no significant difference (P >0. 05) between the syngeneic control group and the WI-30 minutes group. All of the grafts with WI duration of 45 min were viable, but the epithelium was significantly thinner than that in the syngeneic control group (P<0. 05). However all of the grafts with WI duration of 60 min showed lower viability rate. Conclusion The time limits of tolerance to WI of tracheal grafts from NHBDs may be 45 min.

Objective To explore the clinical significance of treating severe patients with frontal lobe and temple lobe with enlarging pterion approach operation. Methods All the severe patients with frontal lobe and temple lobe injury were divided into two groups at random. One group adopted the standard large trauma craniotomy, the other group adopted enlarging pterion approach operation. Under the same conditions, score of GCS, patients ages in two groups were analyzed. And we compare their operation results. Results Compared the standard large trauma cranioto-my,the good recover rates rise 9.2% (P < 0.05) and the death rate reduce 10.2% (P < 0.05) by using the enlarging pterion approach operation. Conclusion The enlarging pterion approach operation could improve existing quality and decrease mortality and disabled rate in patients with severe brain injury in frontal lobe and temple lobe.

AIM: To compare the effects of hypoxia on expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), iNOS and eNOS mRNA in cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells (UVECs) obtained from Tibetan and Han. METHODS: UVECs were obtained from native Tibetan and immigrant Han, respectively and cultured under hypoxia conditions (0.5% oxygen) for 2 h, 4 h, 12 h, and 24 h and normoxic conditions. VEGF, iNOS and eNOS mRNAs were detected with methods of RT-PCT. RESULTS: VEGF and iNOS mRNAs were up-regulated while eNOS mRNA depressed by hypoxia similarly in Tibetan and Han UVECs. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the changes of VEGF, iNOS and eNOS mRNA expression are common pathways in the mechanisms of hypoxic responses.