The trigemino-cerebellar projections of the rats were studied by introducing HRP microelectrophoretically in to various deep icerebellar nuclei (dentate nucleus, ND; interpositus nucleus, anterior part, NIA; interpositus nucleus, posterior part, NIP; fastigial nucleus, NF). The results indicate that all nuclei of the trigeminal nerve give their projections to bilateral (mostly ipsilateral) deep cerebellar nuclei. Most of them come from the interpolar and oral subnuclei of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The caudal subnucleus of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (VP) take the second place. Least of all come from the mesencephalic nucleus (ME) and the motor nucleus (MO) of the trigeminal nerve. In addition, cells in the region ventrolateral to the motor nucleus (VMO) and in the root of the trigeminal nerve (VR) also project to deep cerebellar nuclei. Fibers coming from ME terminate mostly in NF and NIA. Fibers from the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and VP terminate more in NIP and ND. Fibers from MO terminate in NF, NIA and ND. Fibers from VMO and VR have the same termination as those from the sensory nuclear complex of the trigeminal nerve.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and the immune function impacts of high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods Twenty-five cases with primary liver cancer and 6 cases with metastatic liver cancer were treated with HIFU.The clinical symptoms,AFP levels,color Doppler ultrasound detection,CT and changes of T-cell subsets ( CD3 +,CD4 +,CD8 +,CD4 +/CD8 + ) were recorded before and after treatment.Results After HIFU treatment,among 31 patients,the clinical remission rate was 89.7％ ( 25/29 ).AFP was decreased in 83.3％ ( 15/18 ) of the patients.Color Doppler showed reduced tumor sizes and reduced or disappeared blood supply in most of the patients.CT scan displayed that the density of the target region was decreased and necrosis of the lesions occurred.The percentage of CD3 + and CD4 + cells and the ratio of CD4 +/CD8 + were significantly increased after a period of treatment( P ＜0.05 ).The proportion of CD8 + cells was decreased significantly after a period of treatment ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion HIFU is an effective technique for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.Meanwhile,it can improve human immune function to certain extend.

The trigemino-cerebellar projections of rats were studied by introducing HRP microelectrophoretically into various areas of the cerebellar cortex. The results indicate that the following parts of the cerebellum receive bilateral (mostly ipsilateral) trigeminal projections, namely, the simple lobule, the crusa Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the paramedian lobuIe, the dorsal paraflocculus, the lateral part of the lobule Ⅷ and the vermal cortex of the lobules Ⅵ～Ⅸ.Fibers from the interpolar subnucleus and the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve project to all of the above mentioned areas.The caudal subnucleus projects to the crus Ⅰ, the paramedian lobule, the dorsal paraflocculus, the lateral part of the lobule Ⅷ and the vermal cortex of the lobules Ⅵ～Ⅸ.The oral subnucleus gives its projections to the crus Ⅱ, the paramedian lobule, the lateral part of the lobule Ⅷ and the vermal cortex of the lobules Ⅶ～Ⅸ.The mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sends fibers to the crura Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the paramedian lobule, the lateral part of the lobule Ⅷ and the vermal cortex of lobules Ⅶ～Ⅸ.A few labeled neurons were found in the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve; while in the region ventro-lateral to the motor nucleus, in the root of the trigeminal nerve and in areas adjacent to it large amount of labeled cells were seen in all the cases studied.Unexpectedly, several labeled neurons were seen in a semilunar ganglion of the trigeminal nerve.

Eight rabbits were used in this study.The position of the phrenic nucleus in thespinal cord,the morphology of the phrenic motoneurones and position of the cellbodies of the sensory neurons of the phrenic nerve were determined by using themethod of HRP labelling through the centralcutting end of the left phrenic nerve atthe root of the neck.The results were as follows:1.The phrenic nucleus in the rabbit was located in C_3,C_4,and C_5 segments.Itis a longitudinal cell column lying between the ventromedial and the ventrolateralcolumns of the ventral horn of the spinal cord.2.Phrenic motoneurones differed in shape and size.Most of the cell bodies ofthe rabbit's phrenic motoneurones were round or oval in shape,ranging from 5 to45 ?m(mean 25 ?m)in diameter.3.The rabbit phrenic nerve arises from the ventral rami of the 3 rd,4 th and5 th cervical nerves,and the nucleus of this nerve does not extend beyond the 3 rd-5 th segments——the location of the nucleus corresponds with the segmental rootsfrom which the phrenic nerve arises.4.The cell bodies of the sensory neurones of the rabbit's phrenic nerve werelocated in the dorsal root ganglia of the third and fourth cervical nerves.Besides,50 rabbits were dissected,and the origin of their phrenic nerves werestudied.

Objective To observe the influence of chitosan on the skin and soft tissue expansion.Methods Twenty-five patients were selected,who were suitable to be embedded soft tissue expanders in the face,a 100-milliliter expander was implanted in one side of the face,and other side was used as control.A 100-milliliter expander was implanted in each group,and a slender silicon duct was embedded between the expander and subcutaneous tissue in the experimental group.About five to seven days after the operation,the negative drainage tube was removed,and then two-milliliter medical chitosan injected with the silicon duct in the experimental group,but not in the control group.Two groups were injected with normal saline in the second day.The center of expanded skin was pressed and skin elasticity and relaxation were compared between the two groups during the injection interval.The time of injection interval,the quantity of normal saline inside the expanders after two weeks and three weeks and the total time of expansion to 100 milliliters were recorded.After injection was completed in the two groups and maintained for two weeks.In the stage Ⅱ operation,the expanders were taken out,1 cm × 1 cm fibropeplos was removed from the center of the expanded skin flap from the two groups,and pathological section was prepared to measure the thickness of fibropeplos,average gray scale of collagen and the quantity of blood capillaries.The fibroblasts,collagen fiber and capillaries were observed and compared under light microscope.A matched-pairs t analysis was used to analyze the data.Results Compared with the control group,the quantity of normal saline inside the expanders in the experimental group was increased at the same time; the water injection period was shorten and tissue expansion was significantly accelerated.The number of fibroblasts in the fibropeplos decreased with the influence of chitosan.The fibroblasts were restrained to mature period and collegan decreased.The fibropeplos became thinner but the capillaries were not affected.Conclusions Chitoson can inhibit fibroblast proliferation and collagen production,and the effect of accelerating tissue expansion is significant and deserves to be recommended.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of MDM2-p53 signaling pathway in the development of colorectal cancer and correlation between p53 with clinicopathological parameters, so as to further analyze the effect of p53 on prognosis. Methods The colorectal cancer tissues and the adjacent normal tissues from 86 cases of patients with colorectal cancer were collected . The expression of p53 and murine double minute 2 (MDM2) in colorectal cancer and adjacent normal tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry, Western Blot and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The prognosis of the patients was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results The protein expression and the mRNA expression of p53 and MDM2 in colorectal cancer tissues were significantly higher than that in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues (all P<0.01). A positive correlation was observed between the expression of p53 and MDM2 (r=0.785). The expression of p53 in colorectal cancer tissues were correlated well with the degree of tumor differentiation, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and infiltration depth (all P<0.05). Survival analysis demonstrated that the mean overall survival time in p53 high expression group was (53.92±1.56) months which was significantly lower than that in p53 low expression group of (69.16±3.72) months, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=14.78, P<0.01). Conclusions The risk and prognosis of colorectal cancer are closely related to the MDM2-p53 signaling pathway. p53 can be used as a potential target for the prognosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.