The research and application of astrocytes have developed into a frontier of neuroscience in recent years.This review describes the shapes,regulation mechanism and function of astrocytes,and their relation to neurological diseases.Astrocytes play an important role in growth and reparation of the nervous system.

Neuralstemcells (NSCs)maintainthepotentialofproliferationanddifferentiationin nervesystem .TheresearchandapplicationofNSCshavedevelopedintoafrontierofneuroscienceinrecent years .Thisreviewdescribesthespecificity ,contribution ,regulationmechanismandapplicationofNSCs . Neuralstemcellsplayanimportantroleinthenervoussystemofgrowthandreparation . [

The impairment of learning and memory function in the central nervous system(CNS)is one of the main features of aging and Alzheimer' s disease (AD). Many experimental results have showed that long- term memory(LTM) is related to long- term potentiation(LTP) and long- term depression (LTD). They intluenee each other. The relationship between LTP and LTD is complex. Therefore, it is important to study the learning and memory mechanism from LTP、LTD and gene expression in the CNS.

The impairment of learning and memory function in the central nervous system(CNS)is one of the main features of aging and Alzheimer's disease(AD).Many experimental results have showed that long- term memory( LTM) is related to long- term potentiation( LTP) and long- term depression(LTD).They influence each other.The relationship between LTP and LTD is complex.Therefore,it is important to study the learning and memory mechanism from LTP、LTD and gene expression in the CNS.

This review describes the application of stem cells.Stem cells have proliferating and (multipotential) differentiation properties.Stem cells play an important role in the repair tissue and organs.

AIM: To observe the effects of IBMX on cGMP production in gerbil hippocampus after recirculation following ischemia. METHODS: Bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries and immunofluorescent staining methods in gerbil hippocampal tissue slice were used. RESULTS: Recirculation following ischemia caused a rise in hippocampus cGMP concentration. IBMX increased cGMP production. cGMP positive cells mainly distributed in rediatum layer and molecular layer in the CA_1 subfield. CONCLUSION: IBMX increased cGMP production in gerbil hippocampus after recirculation following ischemia.

Glioma is the most frequent type of intracranial tumors,which is always associated with epilepsy.The type,location and pathological grade of glioma is closely related to incidence and efficacy of epilepsy.Recent re search shows that glioma and the factors around it may effect on the balance between excitation and inhibition system of brain.The detailed pathogenesis of epilepsy remains to be studied.

[Objective]To study cervical hollow threaded autograft cortical bone fixator with morselized bone for cervical anterior interbody fusion.[Method] Eighteen sheep were underwent cervical anterior discectomy and fusion with a hollow threaded and fenestrated tibial cortical hone fixator filled with morselized bone(diameter of 300～500 um) for C5、6 or autogenous iliac crest bone cylinder or C3、4 respectively.Cervical spines were radiographed immediately after surgery and 1,2,3 months later,the specimens of C5～6 and C3～4 were taken for histology investigation and biomechanical test respectively.[Result] Interbody fusion was achieved 3 months after surgery in experimental gronp and all but one in control group,with statisticdly significant difference was found between two groups in biomechanical compression and torsion tests of ante or post-fatigue test(P

Objective To study the best extraction method for Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza effective component. Methods Several extraction methods for Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza (water decoction, alcohol reflux, ultrasonic extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction) were compared, to optimize the extraction methods by determined of Danshensu and Tanshinone IIA of Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza. Results Supercritical CO2 extraction had high content of effective component of Danshensu and Tanshinone IIA. Conclusion Supercritical CO2 extraction was the best extraction method for Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza. This result would be an experimental proof for pre-processing the preparation of Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza.

AIM To observe effects of IBMX on cGMP and GFAP production in gerbil hippocampus after recirculation following ischemia. METHODS Bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries and immunofluorescent stain methods in gerbil hippocampal tissue slice were used. RESULTS Recirculation following ischemia leads to a rise in hippocampus cGMP and GFAP concentration. cGMP and GFAP positive cells mainly distributed in rediatum layer and molecular layer in the CA 1 subfield, Most of cGMP positive cells are astrocytes under double immunofluorescent stain. Most of cGMP strong positive cells are also those of GFAP strong positive cells. IBMX increased cGMP and GFAP production. CONCLUSION cGMP is possible to play an important role in the activation or regulation of GFAP in the hippocampus.