Nausea and vomiting are among the most common complications after surgery. Postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV) may cause wound dehiscence, pulmonary aspiration, dehydration, and electrolyte disturbances. Despite the new classes of antiemetics and research published, PONV remains high incidence still. This article covers the different pharmacologic strategies taken introduced with multimodal approach by using antiemetic drugs for prevention and treatment of PONV.

Objective To understand the side-effects of cyclophosphamide (CTX) in the treatment of systemic autoimmune diseases and the possible risk factors. Methods Two hundred and forty-one patients with systemic autoimmune diseases were recruited from the Rheumatology Division of Peking University First Hospital during January 1st, 2009 and March 31, 2012. All the patients received oral or intravenous cyclopho-sphamide. The data were collected by medical record review as well as telephone follow-up. Logistic regression analyses were used for statistical analysis. Results Statistical analysis for age, sex, disease, cumulative dose, treatment duration and mode of administration were included in the factor analysis that would impact the CTX related side-effects. Age ( x2=14.8, P=0.002), gender ( x2=11.2, P=0.001), the underlying disease ( x2=26.1, P<0.01), cumulative dose ( x2=9.8, P=0.007) and mode of administration of CTX ( x2=19.5, P<0.01) were all correlated with the incidence of CTX side-effects. Multivariate analysis showed that women [OR=2.32, 95%CI (1.15, 4.70), P=0.02], intravenous-oral sequential use of CTX [OR=5.25, 95%CI (2.30, 11.97), P<0.01] and systemic lupus erythematosus [OR=4.02, 95%CI (2.24, 7.21), P<0.01] as the underlying disease were independent risk factors for CTX side-effects. Conclusion Alopecia, gastrointestinal discomfort and gonads toxicity ware com-monly seen in Chinese patients with systemic autoimmune diseases receiving CTX. Hemor-rhagic cystitis is very rare. Women, intravenous-oral sequential use of CTX and the systemic lupus erythematosus are indepen-dent risk factors for CTX side-effects.

The application status and disadvantages of lecture-based learning ( LBL ) and problem-based learning (PBL) have been compared and discussed, and the imagination of combina-tion of LBL with PBL in the application of biotechnological pharmaceutics teaching proposed. LBL teaching will be mainly applied in the fundamental principles of development and production of biotechnological pharmaceutics, while PBL teaching will be mainly applied in the specific production processes of typical biopharmaceutics. The three key points in the combination teaching process includ-ing the time allocation of LBL and PBL, the design and implementation of PBL cases and the founda-tion of reasonable teaching evaluation system have also been introduced. The combination of LBL with PBL will cultivate students' self-study, comprehensive analysis and teamwork capabilities to satisfy the demands of the development of current market for biopharmaceutical talents.

ABRO1 (Abraxas Brother 1), known also as KIAA0157 or FAM175B, is an important component of BRISC deubiquitinating enzyme ( DUB) complex which specifically shears K-63 linked polyubiquitin chains .This article reviews the research progress in ABRO 1 in terms of its structural characteristics , BRISC complex composition , the regulation of DUB activity and interferon response , oxidative stress response and anti-myocardial ischemia and provides new ideas on fur-ther study of the physiological function of ABRO 1 and its association with immune and cardiovascular diseases .

Objective To study material basis of Zhou's prescription, components of effective parts Ⅰ in Zhou's prescription was gualitative and quantitative analyzed. Methods The components of effective part Ⅰ was identified by test-tube reaction and qualitative TLC method, the content of saponins and flavones was quantitative analyzed. Results Total content of the saponins and flavone are 1.07% and 0.85% in Zhou's Prescription. The purity of saponins and flavones in effective parts Ⅰ are 37.4% and 29.7%. Conclusion The main components of effective part Ⅰ in Zhou's Prescription were flavones and saponins.

Objective TO study the effect of trimetazidine on patients with unstable angina pectoris. Methods The pa-tients with unstable anglna pectoris with routine treatment were divided randomly into trimetazidine group(T) and nitro-glycerin group(N). They were given such treatment two weeks. Results There is decreased incidence of angina pectorisand less amount of nitroglycerin consumption in both groups. compared with before. There was no significant difference be-tween the two groups. Conclusion There are no signficantly. Trimetazidine has a definite effect in treating unstable angi-na pectoris,and it is similar to nitroglycerin in effects.

Objective Valsartan, the angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor blocker, is recently proved to reduce urinary albumin at the microalbuminuria stage in human diabetic nephropathy without altering glucose metabolism. But the pathway is still uncertain. In present study, we examined the changes of adrenomedullin receptor (ADMR) mRNA and protein expressions in the renal cortex of diabetic rats to investigate the protective effects of valsartan on an experimental model of diabetic renal injury. Method The SD rats were randomly divided into following groups: normal rats, STZ-induced diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with valsartan. STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with valsartan (10mg/kg body weight) or vehicle for 8 weeks. The expressions of ADMR mRNA in renal cortex were analyzed by RT-PCR, as well as ADMR protein expressions were detected through western blot. Results We found (1) Valsartan treatments reduced urinary albumin excretion in 24h, compared with the untreated. But no notable difference was seen in HbA1c and blood sugar of diabetic rats between the two groups. (2) Valsartan treatments increased the expressions of ADMR mRNA and protein in diabetic rats renal cortex. Conclusion These results indicate that valsartan treatment can upgrade the expressions of ADMR in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. It may be one of renal protective pathways of Ang Ⅱ type 1 receptor blocker.

BACKGROUND:Smoking is one of the major risk factors for the formation of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of cigarette smoke extract on the concentration of GATA-2 in the vascular smooth muscle cells and in which the role of the early growth response factor-1. METHODS:Vascular smooth muscle cells were cultured in vitro. The vascular smooth muscle cells were treated with various concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (0, 5%, 10%, 20%), then the reverse transcription PCR was applied to detect the mRNA expression of GATA-2. The vascular smooth muscle cells were treated with cigarette smoke extracts in the optimal concentration for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours, and then the expression of GATA-2 mRNA was observed, as wel as the changes of expression of GATA-2 mRNA after added with growth response factor-1. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared to the 0 concentration group, the expression of GATA-2 mRNA after treated with low concentration (5%) of cigarette smoke extract was increased more significantly than moderate concentration (10%) and high concentration (20%). The vascular smooth muscle cells in 0 hour group expressed GATA-2 mRNA at low level. The GATA-2 mRNA began to increase within 4 hours and reached peak at the 8 hours after stimulated with cigarette smoke extract of 5%concentration. After added with growth response factor-1 inhibitors, the expression of GATA-2 mRNA in 5%cigarette smoke extract induced vascular smooth muscle cells was decreased. Cigarette smoke extract can promote the increasing of GATA-2 by growth response factor-1, while the GATA-2 expression is reduced after the inhibition of growth response factor-1.

Autophagy ; Liver Cirrhosis ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo explore the value of the application of oil red O staining in spinal cord injury (SCI) of rats.

METHODSWith simple randomization, 24 Spargue-Dawley male rats were divided into normal control group including 6, and SCI group including 18. Spinal cord was transected at spinal lever T10 to build SCI model. Six rats of SCI group were sacrificed randomly at 1, 2, 4 weeks after surgery. After the spinal cord tissue sections were made, oil red O staining methods were used to observe the changes at the end of transected spinal cord. Images were analyzed by Image-Pro Plus 6.0 and SPSS 20.0 software.

RESULTSThe oil red O staining of normal control group showed that white matter surrounded by myelin sheath was clear and obviously distinctive from grey matter. Uneven and strengthened staining in oil O was observed in grey matter of SCI group at 1, 2, 4 weeks post-SCI.

CONCLUSIONIt is a good method to label the myelin sheath in spinal cord and distinct white matter from grey matter by oil red O staining. Analysis of the images showed that lipid may become another target for drugs, which needs more researches.

Animals ; Azo Compounds ; Gray Matter ; pathology ; Male ; Nerve Fibers ; physiology ; Nerve Regeneration ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; pathology ; Staining and Labeling