Human and pig T lymphocytes have surface E receptors that can bind with SRBC or autoRBC forming E rosettes.The nature and significance of association of the E receptor with RBC have not yet been completely understood. There are two main approaches to study the significance of surface E receptor.Thefirst one is to study the change in lymphocyte functions induced by binding of surfaceE receptors with their ligands.The latter is to observe if some of SRBC or autoRBCbound with surface E receptors are actually damaged. In this study,the method for measuring SRBC and autoRBC lysis induced bycontact of the cells with pig peripheral mononuclear cells(MNC)was established andsome interesting results have been obtained.It was found that about 25% of autoRBC,82.6% of papain treated SRBC,61.5% of AET treated SRBC,and 20.2% of untreatedSRBC lysed at 5 hr.after they had bound with MNC.In all these tests MNC and RBCwere in the ratio of 1:1.When MNC were treated in 45℃ water bath for 1 hour toremove the E receptors o lysis of bound autoRBC was found. These results seem to suggest that pig MNC may initiate lysis of some of SRBC and autoRBC after they are bound to the MNC at room temperature for 5 hr,and this phenomenon may be utilized in the study of E receptors on the lymphocyte surface.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between gastrointestinal dysfunction and prognosis in patients with critical illness.Methods: Three hundred patients with critical illness were retrospectively analyzed and divided into two groups: the group of gastrointestinal dysfunction(n=181) and the group of non-gastrointestinal dysfunction(n=119).The relationship between gastrointestinal dysfunction and severity score(APACHEⅡ score),incidence rate of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS) and prognosis was evaluated respectedly.Results: Morbidity of gastrointestinal dysfunction in general intensive care unit(GICU) was 60.3%.APACHEⅡscore,incidence rate of MODS and mortality were significantly lower in the group of gastrointestinal dysfunction than those in the group of non-gastrointestinal dysfunction(P

OBJECTIVE:To improve response capacity of China to deal with intellectual property rights protection standard terms (Trips-plus terms) beyond the regulations of Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and to provide reference for improving national intellectual property rights protection policy. METHODS:Trips-plus terms and their common types were introduced to analyze their characteristics and consider about their adverse effects. RESULTS & CONCLU-SIONS:Common TRIPS-plus terms involve data protection,patent interlinkage,patent period extension,limitation of compulsory licensing and parallel importation,etc. These terms pose a significant challenge to developing countries,resulting in delaying entry of generics,increasing drug price,influencing drug accessibility and posing a great threat to public health. China,as the largest de-veloping country mostly relying on generic drugs,should scientifically assess the effects of TRIPS-plus on public health,drug ac-cessibility and pharmaceutical industry in the process of domestic legislation and negotiating a free trade agreement,and make effec-tive use of the TRIPS flexibility to protect the public health.

ObjectrueTo evaluate magnetic resonancec ho langiopancreatography (MRCP) in the diagnosis of acute or chronic pancreatitis . MethodsMRCP was undertaken in 30 patients with chronic and 9 with acute pancreatitis. Comparison was m ade with findings at ERCP.ResultsOf 196 segments of biliary-pancreatic duct analyzed, 17 were not seen at MR CP (sensitivity, 91%). Of the segments visualized at MRCP, 14 were incorrect ly characterized (accuracy, 92%). At MRCP, segments not detected or mischara cterized were either normal, slightly dilated, or narrowed. MRCP image quali ty was not interpretable in two cases due to artifacts. ConclusionVery good correlation between ERCP and MRCP findings was demonstrated. MRCP may substitude for ERCP, particularly in pa tients who cannot undergo ERCP or in whom ERCP has been unsuccessful.

The pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) has not been fully elucidated. Abnormal gastrointesti-nal dynamics and visceral hypersensitivity were its main pathophysiological basis. Abnormal expression of neu-ropeptides can affect the visceral sensation, secretion and movement, leading to the occurrence of IBS. This article reviewed the relationship between neuropeptides and IBS from the following neuropeptides: 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and somatostatin (SS). It provided reference evidences for the elucidation of IBS pathogenesis.

To study the influences of the demographic evolution to government expenditure on health by using the method of generalized method of moment(GMM)by dynamic panel data of 31 provinces or cities from 1998 to 2011. The result showed that the elderly dependency ratio had a significant positive impact on government health expenditure, while the reduction of child dependency ratio would increase it. There were clear differences among regions. The elderly and child dependency ratio were both significantly positive for the eastern region, no significant effect for the central, and positive and negative respectively for the western. Therefore, it is needed to further improve the proportion of government health spending in total health expenditure, increase transfer payment, reduce regional differences and achieve the equalization of basic public health services.

Objective To observe the effect of transperineal injection of botulin A toxin on patients with detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia caused by spinal cord injury. Methods Transperineal injection of botulin A toxin were performed in 6 patients with spinal cord injury (3 with cervical spinal cord injury and 3 with thoraco-lumbar spinal cord injury) complicated by detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia.55 U of botulin A toxin was injected twice separately. The interval between 2 injections was 3 days.Before treatment, the residual volume of urine after voiding was determined and the maximum urethral pressure was measured by urodynamic testing.One month after treatment the examination mentioned above was repeated. Results The decrease in residual volume of urine was (133.3?70.9)ml.The decrease in maximum urethral pressure was (35.4?25.8)cmH 2O(both P

Objective To study the clinical and THR?gene mutation of two cases of pituitary thyroid hormone resistance. Methods The clinical data and peripheral blood samples of the patients and their family members were collected, and then DNA was isolated. PCR and direct sequencing techniques were performed to determine if there were mutations in their THR?gene. Results No mutation was found in exon 1-10. Conclusion Pathogenesis of sporadic pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone usually has no relation with mutation of THR?gene.

Objective To study the views of clinical nursing staff about current nursing quality evaluation so as to find the problems in nursing quality evaluation.Method 25 head nurses and nurses were interviewed using semi-structured open interview about nursing quality evaluation.Result The current nursing quality evaluation system was lower in sensitivity,focusing more on nursing skills but less on nursing evaluation of nursing specialties.Conclusions The system of current nursing quality evaluation lacks of nursing evaluation of nursing specialties and therefore cannot meet the requirements for the development of nursing specialty. Therefore,it is urgent to regulate an evaluation system for nursing specialties.

Objective To explore the difference of gene sequence between the yeast- and the hyphal-form of Candida albicans. Methods The genomic DNA of both the yeast-form and the hyphal-form of seven isolates were extracted. The isolates were obtained from the same patient infected with HIV, but their sensitivities to fluconazole were different. These isolates were derived from the same C.albican strain as identified by chromosomal analysis and DNA subtype analysis. DNA fragments (310 bp) of ERG11 were amplified by PCR and the difference of DNA sequence between the two forms of each isolates was compared by DNA sequencing. Results Three isolates were found to have sequence difference between the yeast- and the hyphal-form of C. albicans at the position of 1 547 bp, 1 587 bp and 1 617 bp. Conclusion The sequence difference of ERG11 gene exists between the yeast- and the hyphal-form of C. albicans.