Objective To analyze the occurrence of insulin resistance ( IR ) and abnormal glucose metabolism in adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods PCOS group included 141 patients aged 15-19 years old, who were diagnosed as PCOS according to criteria by reference to the European Society of Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine proposed in 2003, at Rotterdam; and 266 age-matched female students,with regular menstrual cycles and no family history of diabetes, were enrolled in control group. Fasting insulin(FINS),fasting plasma glucose(FPC) ,and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR) were measured in control group. 73% percentile value of control group was set as physical upper limits of FINS and HOMA-IR. PCOS patients were divided into obese ( OB-PCOS) and non-obese (NOB-PCOS) groups, and oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) were performed. Results According to 75% percentile value of control group,the physical upper limits of FINS and HOMA-IR were 13.13 mIU/ L and 2.69, respectively. FINS and HOMA-IR values in PCOS group were higher than those in control group [ (17.68±16. 13 vs 10.40±5. 33)mIU/L,2. 64±2.01 vs 2. 01 ±1. 61,both P<0.01]. FINS and HOMA-IR values in OB-PCOS group were higher than those in the NOB-PCOS group [ (22.04± 18.01 vs 13.06± 12. 60) mIU/L,4. 62±3. 87 vs 2.38±2.26,both P<0.01]. In PCOS group,FINS of 75 cases(53.19% )and HOMA-IR of 67 patients(47.52% ) exceeded the physical upper limits. In 79 OB-PCOS patients, FINS of 56 cases (70. 89% ) and HOMA-IR of 52 patients (65.82% ) exceeded the physical upper limits while in 62 NOB-PCOS patients there were 19(30.65% ) and 15 (24. 19% )patients. In PCOS group,2(1.42% ) patients were diagnosed diabetes mellitus,and both FINS and HOMA-IR of these two cases increased. Meanwhile, 12 cases(8.51% ) were impaired glucose tolerance(ICT) ,of whom 11 patients FINS and HOMA-IR increased. Conclusion Pathological IR is prevalent in adolescent PCOS, more severe and popular in obese-PCOS, a part of them with abnormal glucose metabolism.

Objective To evaluate the effect of metformin in treating adolescent polycysfic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods Group A [ the metformin and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) group ] was made of 135 adolescents with PCOS taking metformin,and MPA if no menstruation came,while group B ( the control group) consisted of 45 patients taking MPA every two months.Endocrinologic profiles and ovulation were evaluated before and after six months treatment.Results ( 1 ) All patients suffered from anovulation before treatment.( 2 ) Ovulation failure was successfully improved in 74.81％ ( 101/135 )of patients in group A after 6 months,which was significantly higher than that before treatment.In group B,no case recovered ovulation.(3) In group A,fasting serum insulin,homeostasis model assay for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR),total testosterone,LH were significantly decreased.(4) The retrieval of ovulation was negatively correlated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR ( both P＜0.05 ). Conclusions ( 1 ) Metformin effectively improves ovulation function and reproductive endocrine parameters in adolescent girls withPCOS.(2) Recovery of ovulation is associated with the decrease of serum insulin.

The occurrence and development of malignant glioma are closely related to abnormal overexpression and activation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signal transduction pathways.Targeted therapeutic drugs such as RTK inhibitors,RTK downstream signaling pathway inhibitors and multi-target inhibitors can targeting treat malignant glioma at molecular level,some of which have been investigated in clinical trials and achieved good therapeutic effects.

Nesfatin-1, discovered in 2006 by Oh-I as an 82-ami-no-acid peptide derived from the precursor protein nucleobindin2 (NUCB2), has been identified to play an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism. Recently, it has also been found that Nesfatin-1 might be associated with the pathogenesis of depression. This article reviewed the advances in related studies on Nesfatin-1 at home and abroad, which should throw light in expliciting the physiological function of Nesfatin-1 and understanding the neurobiological mechanism of depression.

Anhedonia, or markedly diminished interest or pleas-ure, is a hallmark symptom of depression.As a psychopathological symptom, anhedonia was first noted in the early 19th century.The neurobiological mechanisms that underline anhedonia and its role in diagnosing depression disorder or evaluating antidepressant response have long been aroused attention for nearly a century.Consequently, there are many measuring methods established in both the animal study and human research, which would be reviewed in the present study.

Objective To investigate the release pattern of insulin after the load of glucose in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) and normal oral glucose tolerance.Methods Sixty-three patients with PCOS were undertaken oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin release test,while 34 women with normal menstrual cycle served as control.Results Among 63 patients with PCOS,33 cases were obese with body mass index over 25 kg/m2,including 5 with abnormal OGTT.All 30 non-obese patients with PCOS had normal OGTT.The prevalences of insulin resistance were 78.8％,16.7％,and 9.0％ in obese PCOS,non-obese PCOS,and control groups,respectively.Abnormal insulin release curve were found in 84.5％,70.0％,and 14.7％ of subjects in these 3 groups,respectively.In 58 PCOS patients with normal OGTT,the prevalence of insulin resistance was 44.8％,and 75.9％with abnormal insulin release curve. Among them,body mass index of 32 patients,whose homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting insulin remained in normal range,was similar to those of control group [ ( 20.52 ± 2.86 vs 20.01 ± 2.54 ) kg/m2,P＞0.05].Conclusion These findings indicate that insulin release test is useful in detecting insulin resistance.Insulin release is elevated in PCOS patients even with normal OGTT.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of 1,8-cineol on lung functions and mechanism in asthmatic guinea pigs. METHODS The guinea pig model was performed by intraperitoneal injection of the 0.5 ml Al(OH)_3 gel containing OVA 20 μg. The guinea pigs were constructed by immunization of intraperitoneal injection on the 0 day and the 7th day, and the experiment was performed on the 28th day. The effect of 1,8-cineol 10, 30 and 100 ml·kg~(-1) on the airway resistance(R_(aw)) and dynamic lung compliance (C_(dyn)) of asthmatic guinea pigs 1 h after challenge of OVA. The changes in leukocyte and different kinds of leukocyte in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after the challenge of OVA have been studied. The levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), interleukin(IL)-4, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in lungs of guinea pigs were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The changes in R_(aw) and C_(dyn) of asthmatic guinea pigs were investigated 17 h after challenge of OVA and inhalated methacholine (MCh). The changes in leukocyte and different kinds of leukocyte in BALF after the challenge of OVA have been studied. The levels of ECP, IL-4, IL-8 and TNF-α in lungs of guinea pigs were determined using ELISA. RESULTS 1,8-Cineol inhibited increase in R_(aw) and decrease in C_(dyn) from 1 to 30 min after challenge of OVA in model group. The levels of ECP, IL-4 and TNF-α in asthmatic model group were higher than those in normal control group(P<0.05). The levels of ECP, IL-4 and TNF-α of 1,8-cineol 100 mg·kg~(-1) group were significantly lower than those in asthmatic model group (P<0.01). The level of IL-8 of asthmatic model group didn't have any significant difference from that of control group. 1,8-Cineol 100 mg·kg~(-1) could significantly decrease the numbers of leukocyte and the percent of eosinophils in BALF. Seventeen hours after challenge of OVA, R_(aw) and C_(dyn) of asthmatic model group were higher than these of control group (P<0.05, P<0.01); 1,8-cineol 100 mg·kg~(-1) significantly inhibited the increase in R_(aw), compared with model group (P<0.05); 1,8-cineol 10, 30 and 100 mg·kg~(-1) improved the decrease in C_(dyn) after MCh-induced in model group which were challenged by OVA after 17 h; 1,8-cineol 100 mg·kg~(-1) could significantly decrease the numbers of leukocyte and the percent of neutrophils, the levels of ECP, IL-8 and TNF-α compared with asthmatic group. The level of IL-4 in asthmatic model group didn't have any significant difference from that in normal control group. CONCLUSION In the course of early stage of asthma, 1,8-cineol inhibites the asthma by decreasing the number of eosinophils and down-regulating the activity of EPO. In the course of later stage of asthma, 1,8-cineol inhibits or improves the aggravation and lasting states of asthma which is directly coursed by neutrophils accumulating in the BALF that related to the increase in IL-8.

Objective To observe the resection of the scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL)and its subregions on the three-dimensional(3-D)movement of the scaphoid and lunate so as to discuss the role of SLIL in the 3D flexion-extension motion of the scaphoid and lunate.Methods Twelve upper extremities(six left extremities and six right extremities)from adult cadaver were used in this study and divided into five groups:normal group,proximal subregion resection group,proximal subregion plus dorsal subregion resection group,proximal subregion plus palmar subregion resection group and whole SLIL resection group.The 3-D laser scan and reconstruction technique were used for meusure ment of the 3-D flexion-extension motion of the scaphoid and lunate.Results In the normal group,the scaphoid and lunate flexed and the radial deviated at the same direction during wrist flexion-extension motion.At the same time,there was minimal scaphoid and lunate pronation-supination during wrist flexionextension.After resection of the proximal and palmar(or dorsal)subregions of the SLIL,some different movements were found compared with the normal specimen.Whole SLIL resection resulted in increase of the flexion motion of the scaphoid but decrease of the palmar flexion of the lunate.Conclusions 3-D laser scanning and image reconstruction techniques can accurately measure the 3D motion of the scaphoid and lunate.Partial or whole resection of SLIL may exert significant effect on the flexion-extension motion of the scaphoid and lunate.However,the proximal subregion of SLIL has no prominent effect on the motion of the scaphoid and lunate.

Objective To evaluate the effect of problem-based learning (PBL)versus tradi-tional methods in medical statistics. Methods Computer retrieval was conducted to search for con-trolled studies comparing PBL and traditional methods. The quality of included studies was critically evaluated and data were analyzed by using the Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan 5.0 software. Results A total of 21 articles were retrieved,but only 7 were included. The results of Meta analysis showed that there was no significant difference between PBL and traditional methods in both the passing rate of student's score (RR=1.09,95%CI=0.98-1.23,P=0.12>0.05)and the exact score (WMD=0.30, 95%CI=-0.06 -0.67,P=0.10>0.05). Conclusion PBL showed no better learning results in medical statistics compared with traditional methods.

Aim To evaluate the bioequivalence of two preparations of gliclazide in healthy volunteers.Methods The concentration of gliclazide was measured by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) after a single or multiple dosage of gliclazide sustained released tablet in healthy volunteers.The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two preparations were calculated by 3P97 program.LnAUC0~∞,lnAUC0~72 and lnAUC0~? were used to evaluate the bioequivalence of the two preparations with analysis of variance and two one-side t-test.Results Both the gliclazide extended action tablet were best fitted to one-compartment model.The main parameters of the tested and reference gliclazide after a single dose were as follows:Cmax(2.07?0.61) and(2.26?0.61)mg?L-1;Tmax(5.10?0.55)h and(5.05?0.51)h;T12Ka(1.50?0.26)h and(1.52?0.27)h;T12Ke(8.89?1.56)h and(8.68?1.72)h;MRT(22.63?1.01)h and(22.38?0.93)h;AUC0~72(39.19?8.03)mg?h-1?L-1 and(39.26?8.37)mg?h-1?L-1;AUC0~∞:(45.80?9.51)mg?h-1?L-1 and(45.57?9.76)mg?h-1?L-1;F0~72 and F0~∞(100.19?6.22)% and(100.85?5.88)%,respectively.The main parameters of the tested and reference gliclazide after multiple dose were as follows:Cmax(4.83?0.86)mg?L-1 and(4.69?0.64)mg?L-1;Cmin(0.68?0.14) mg?L-1 and(0.66?0.12)mg?L-1;Tmax:(4.10?0.45) h and(4.10?0.55)h;T12Ka:(2.03?0.53)h and(2.04?0.40)h;T12Ke:(7.24?0.87)h and(7.09?1.14)h;MRT(9.17?0.30)h and(9.19?0.37)h;AUCSS:(41.62?6.48) mg?h-1?L-1 and(42.18?6.03)mg?h-1?L-1;Cav:(1.73?0.27)mg?L-1 and(1.76?0.25)mg?L-1;DF(240.85%?34.07)and(230.23%?24.80%) respectively.The relative bioavailability was(98.60?4.60)%.The AUC0~T,AUC0~∞ or AUCSS,Cmax and Tmax were bioequivalent between the two preparations.Conclusion The tested and reference gliclazide sustained released tablet are bioequivalent.