Anhedonia, or markedly diminished interest or pleas-ure, is a hallmark symptom of depression.As a psychopathological symptom, anhedonia was first noted in the early 19th century.The neurobiological mechanisms that underline anhedonia and its role in diagnosing depression disorder or evaluating antidepressant response have long been aroused attention for nearly a century.Consequently, there are many measuring methods established in both the animal study and human research, which would be reviewed in the present study.

The occurrence and development of malignant glioma are closely related to abnormal overexpression and activation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signal transduction pathways.Targeted therapeutic drugs such as RTK inhibitors,RTK downstream signaling pathway inhibitors and multi-target inhibitors can targeting treat malignant glioma at molecular level,some of which have been investigated in clinical trials and achieved good therapeutic effects.

Objective To evaluate the effect of metformin in treating adolescent polycysfic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods Group A [ the metformin and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) group ] was made of 135 adolescents with PCOS taking metformin,and MPA if no menstruation came,while group B ( the control group) consisted of 45 patients taking MPA every two months.Endocrinologic profiles and ovulation were evaluated before and after six months treatment.Results ( 1 ) All patients suffered from anovulation before treatment.( 2 ) Ovulation failure was successfully improved in 74.81％ ( 101/135 )of patients in group A after 6 months,which was significantly higher than that before treatment.In group B,no case recovered ovulation.(3) In group A,fasting serum insulin,homeostasis model assay for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR),total testosterone,LH were significantly decreased.(4) The retrieval of ovulation was negatively correlated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR ( both P＜0.05 ). Conclusions ( 1 ) Metformin effectively improves ovulation function and reproductive endocrine parameters in adolescent girls withPCOS.(2) Recovery of ovulation is associated with the decrease of serum insulin.

Nesfatin-1, discovered in 2006 by Oh-I as an 82-ami-no-acid peptide derived from the precursor protein nucleobindin2 (NUCB2), has been identified to play an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism. Recently, it has also been found that Nesfatin-1 might be associated with the pathogenesis of depression. This article reviewed the advances in related studies on Nesfatin-1 at home and abroad, which should throw light in expliciting the physiological function of Nesfatin-1 and understanding the neurobiological mechanism of depression.

Objective To analyze the occurrence of insulin resistance ( IR ) and abnormal glucose metabolism in adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods PCOS group included 141 patients aged 15-19 years old, who were diagnosed as PCOS according to criteria by reference to the European Society of Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine proposed in 2003, at Rotterdam; and 266 age-matched female students,with regular menstrual cycles and no family history of diabetes, were enrolled in control group. Fasting insulin(FINS),fasting plasma glucose(FPC) ,and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR) were measured in control group. 73% percentile value of control group was set as physical upper limits of FINS and HOMA-IR. PCOS patients were divided into obese ( OB-PCOS) and non-obese (NOB-PCOS) groups, and oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) were performed. Results According to 75% percentile value of control group,the physical upper limits of FINS and HOMA-IR were 13.13 mIU/ L and 2.69, respectively. FINS and HOMA-IR values in PCOS group were higher than those in control group [ (17.68±16. 13 vs 10.40±5. 33)mIU/L,2. 64±2.01 vs 2. 01 ±1. 61,both P<0.01]. FINS and HOMA-IR values in OB-PCOS group were higher than those in the NOB-PCOS group [ (22.04± 18.01 vs 13.06± 12. 60) mIU/L,4. 62±3. 87 vs 2.38±2.26,both P<0.01]. In PCOS group,FINS of 75 cases(53.19% )and HOMA-IR of 67 patients(47.52% ) exceeded the physical upper limits. In 79 OB-PCOS patients, FINS of 56 cases (70. 89% ) and HOMA-IR of 52 patients (65.82% ) exceeded the physical upper limits while in 62 NOB-PCOS patients there were 19(30.65% ) and 15 (24. 19% )patients. In PCOS group,2(1.42% ) patients were diagnosed diabetes mellitus,and both FINS and HOMA-IR of these two cases increased. Meanwhile, 12 cases(8.51% ) were impaired glucose tolerance(ICT) ,of whom 11 patients FINS and HOMA-IR increased. Conclusion Pathological IR is prevalent in adolescent PCOS, more severe and popular in obese-PCOS, a part of them with abnormal glucose metabolism.

Objective To investigate the release pattern of insulin after the load of glucose in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) and normal oral glucose tolerance.Methods Sixty-three patients with PCOS were undertaken oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin release test,while 34 women with normal menstrual cycle served as control.Results Among 63 patients with PCOS,33 cases were obese with body mass index over 25 kg/m2,including 5 with abnormal OGTT.All 30 non-obese patients with PCOS had normal OGTT.The prevalences of insulin resistance were 78.8％,16.7％,and 9.0％ in obese PCOS,non-obese PCOS,and control groups,respectively.Abnormal insulin release curve were found in 84.5％,70.0％,and 14.7％ of subjects in these 3 groups,respectively.In 58 PCOS patients with normal OGTT,the prevalence of insulin resistance was 44.8％,and 75.9％with abnormal insulin release curve. Among them,body mass index of 32 patients,whose homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting insulin remained in normal range,was similar to those of control group [ ( 20.52 ± 2.86 vs 20.01 ± 2.54 ) kg/m2,P＞0.05].Conclusion These findings indicate that insulin release test is useful in detecting insulin resistance.Insulin release is elevated in PCOS patients even with normal OGTT.

Objective To evaluate the effect of problem-based learning (PBL)versus tradi-tional methods in medical statistics. Methods Computer retrieval was conducted to search for con-trolled studies comparing PBL and traditional methods. The quality of included studies was critically evaluated and data were analyzed by using the Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan 5.0 software. Results A total of 21 articles were retrieved,but only 7 were included. The results of Meta analysis showed that there was no significant difference between PBL and traditional methods in both the passing rate of student's score (RR=1.09,95%CI=0.98-1.23,P=0.12>0.05)and the exact score (WMD=0.30, 95%CI=-0.06 -0.67,P=0.10>0.05). Conclusion PBL showed no better learning results in medical statistics compared with traditional methods.

Objective To evaluate the sensitivity and speciality of protein chip technology, and discuss its value in diagnosis or classification of autoimmune diseases, and to make its methodological evaluation. Methods The anti-dsDNA was detected with gold-colloid assay, indirect immunoflurescence(IIF) assay and protein chip technology, respectively; the other seven autoantibodies including anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-Sm, anti-u1RNP, anti-Rib-P, anti-Scl-70 and anti-Jo-1 were simultaneously detected with immunoblotting(IBT) assay and protein chip technology, and then all the results were delt with statistical method. Results For anti-dsDNA, the sensitivity of protein chip technology was better than that of gold-colloid assay; there was significant difference between protein chip technology and IBT assay in detecting anti-Jo-1 in DM/PM(P

Aim To evaluate the bioequivalence of two preparations of gliclazide in healthy volunteers.Methods The concentration of gliclazide was measured by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) after a single or multiple dosage of gliclazide sustained released tablet in healthy volunteers.The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two preparations were calculated by 3P97 program.LnAUC0~∞,lnAUC0~72 and lnAUC0~? were used to evaluate the bioequivalence of the two preparations with analysis of variance and two one-side t-test.Results Both the gliclazide extended action tablet were best fitted to one-compartment model.The main parameters of the tested and reference gliclazide after a single dose were as follows:Cmax(2.07?0.61) and(2.26?0.61)mg?L-1;Tmax(5.10?0.55)h and(5.05?0.51)h;T12Ka(1.50?0.26)h and(1.52?0.27)h;T12Ke(8.89?1.56)h and(8.68?1.72)h;MRT(22.63?1.01)h and(22.38?0.93)h;AUC0~72(39.19?8.03)mg?h-1?L-1 and(39.26?8.37)mg?h-1?L-1;AUC0~∞:(45.80?9.51)mg?h-1?L-1 and(45.57?9.76)mg?h-1?L-1;F0~72 and F0~∞(100.19?6.22)% and(100.85?5.88)%,respectively.The main parameters of the tested and reference gliclazide after multiple dose were as follows:Cmax(4.83?0.86)mg?L-1 and(4.69?0.64)mg?L-1;Cmin(0.68?0.14) mg?L-1 and(0.66?0.12)mg?L-1;Tmax:(4.10?0.45) h and(4.10?0.55)h;T12Ka:(2.03?0.53)h and(2.04?0.40)h;T12Ke:(7.24?0.87)h and(7.09?1.14)h;MRT(9.17?0.30)h and(9.19?0.37)h;AUCSS:(41.62?6.48) mg?h-1?L-1 and(42.18?6.03)mg?h-1?L-1;Cav:(1.73?0.27)mg?L-1 and(1.76?0.25)mg?L-1;DF(240.85%?34.07)and(230.23%?24.80%) respectively.The relative bioavailability was(98.60?4.60)%.The AUC0~T,AUC0~∞ or AUCSS,Cmax and Tmax were bioequivalent between the two preparations.Conclusion The tested and reference gliclazide sustained released tablet are bioequivalent.

Aim To develop a sensitive,specific and accurate method for quantifying a novel derivate of all-trans-retinoic acid, 4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl retinate (ATPR)in rat tissues to investigate the tissue distribution of ATPR in rats.Methods Sprague-Daw-ley (SD)rats were killed by exsanguination at 2,4,7 h after a single intragastric administration with one dose of ATPR (20 mg·kg-1 )or at 5 min,1 h,5 h after a single intravenous administration with one dose of AT-PR (7 mg·kg-1 ).The concentration of ATPR in the tissues was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)method.Results After the rats were administrated intragastrically, the highest concentration of ATPR was observed in intestine,fol-lowed by liver,spleen and lung,while the distribution in heart,kidney,fat and brain was very little.Howev-er,the highest concentration of ATPR was in liver after given intravenously,followed by spleen and lung,and very low in heart,kidney,intestines,fat and brain. Conclusion The distribution of ATPR is higher in liv-er after administrated both intragastrically and intrave-nously,suggesting the potential anti-proliferation and differentiation inducing effects of ATPR targeting at liv-er cancer.