Objective To analyze the occurrence of insulin resistance ( IR ) and abnormal glucose metabolism in adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods PCOS group included 141 patients aged 15-19 years old, who were diagnosed as PCOS according to criteria by reference to the European Society of Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine proposed in 2003, at Rotterdam; and 266 age-matched female students,with regular menstrual cycles and no family history of diabetes, were enrolled in control group. Fasting insulin(FINS),fasting plasma glucose(FPC) ,and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR) were measured in control group. 73% percentile value of control group was set as physical upper limits of FINS and HOMA-IR. PCOS patients were divided into obese ( OB-PCOS) and non-obese (NOB-PCOS) groups, and oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) were performed. Results According to 75% percentile value of control group,the physical upper limits of FINS and HOMA-IR were 13.13 mIU/ L and 2.69, respectively. FINS and HOMA-IR values in PCOS group were higher than those in control group [ (17.68±16. 13 vs 10.40±5. 33)mIU/L,2. 64±2.01 vs 2. 01 ±1. 61,both P<0.01]. FINS and HOMA-IR values in OB-PCOS group were higher than those in the NOB-PCOS group [ (22.04± 18.01 vs 13.06± 12. 60) mIU/L,4. 62±3. 87 vs 2.38±2.26,both P<0.01]. In PCOS group,FINS of 75 cases(53.19% )and HOMA-IR of 67 patients(47.52% ) exceeded the physical upper limits. In 79 OB-PCOS patients, FINS of 56 cases (70. 89% ) and HOMA-IR of 52 patients (65.82% ) exceeded the physical upper limits while in 62 NOB-PCOS patients there were 19(30.65% ) and 15 (24. 19% )patients. In PCOS group,2(1.42% ) patients were diagnosed diabetes mellitus,and both FINS and HOMA-IR of these two cases increased. Meanwhile, 12 cases(8.51% ) were impaired glucose tolerance(ICT) ,of whom 11 patients FINS and HOMA-IR increased. Conclusion Pathological IR is prevalent in adolescent PCOS, more severe and popular in obese-PCOS, a part of them with abnormal glucose metabolism.

Objective To evaluate the effect of metformin in treating adolescent polycysfic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods Group A [ the metformin and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) group ] was made of 135 adolescents with PCOS taking metformin,and MPA if no menstruation came,while group B ( the control group) consisted of 45 patients taking MPA every two months.Endocrinologic profiles and ovulation were evaluated before and after six months treatment.Results ( 1 ) All patients suffered from anovulation before treatment.( 2 ) Ovulation failure was successfully improved in 74.81％ ( 101/135 )of patients in group A after 6 months,which was significantly higher than that before treatment.In group B,no case recovered ovulation.(3) In group A,fasting serum insulin,homeostasis model assay for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR),total testosterone,LH were significantly decreased.(4) The retrieval of ovulation was negatively correlated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR ( both P＜0.05 ). Conclusions ( 1 ) Metformin effectively improves ovulation function and reproductive endocrine parameters in adolescent girls withPCOS.(2) Recovery of ovulation is associated with the decrease of serum insulin.

The occurrence and development of malignant glioma are closely related to abnormal overexpression and activation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signal transduction pathways.Targeted therapeutic drugs such as RTK inhibitors,RTK downstream signaling pathway inhibitors and multi-target inhibitors can targeting treat malignant glioma at molecular level,some of which have been investigated in clinical trials and achieved good therapeutic effects.

Anhedonia, or markedly diminished interest or pleas-ure, is a hallmark symptom of depression.As a psychopathological symptom, anhedonia was first noted in the early 19th century.The neurobiological mechanisms that underline anhedonia and its role in diagnosing depression disorder or evaluating antidepressant response have long been aroused attention for nearly a century.Consequently, there are many measuring methods established in both the animal study and human research, which would be reviewed in the present study.

Nesfatin-1, discovered in 2006 by Oh-I as an 82-ami-no-acid peptide derived from the precursor protein nucleobindin2 (NUCB2), has been identified to play an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism. Recently, it has also been found that Nesfatin-1 might be associated with the pathogenesis of depression. This article reviewed the advances in related studies on Nesfatin-1 at home and abroad, which should throw light in expliciting the physiological function of Nesfatin-1 and understanding the neurobiological mechanism of depression.

Objective To investigate the release pattern of insulin after the load of glucose in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) and normal oral glucose tolerance.Methods Sixty-three patients with PCOS were undertaken oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin release test,while 34 women with normal menstrual cycle served as control.Results Among 63 patients with PCOS,33 cases were obese with body mass index over 25 kg/m2,including 5 with abnormal OGTT.All 30 non-obese patients with PCOS had normal OGTT.The prevalences of insulin resistance were 78.8％,16.7％,and 9.0％ in obese PCOS,non-obese PCOS,and control groups,respectively.Abnormal insulin release curve were found in 84.5％,70.0％,and 14.7％ of subjects in these 3 groups,respectively.In 58 PCOS patients with normal OGTT,the prevalence of insulin resistance was 44.8％,and 75.9％with abnormal insulin release curve. Among them,body mass index of 32 patients,whose homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting insulin remained in normal range,was similar to those of control group [ ( 20.52 ± 2.86 vs 20.01 ± 2.54 ) kg/m2,P＞0.05].Conclusion These findings indicate that insulin release test is useful in detecting insulin resistance.Insulin release is elevated in PCOS patients even with normal OGTT.

ObjectiveTo assess the current situation of postgraduates knowledge about medical research design and optimize the curriculum setting of research design.MethodsAn investigation was carried out in the postgraduates of 2011 using questionnaires in a medical university..The questionnaire ineluded basic information of participants and cognition of basic methods of research design.ResultsA total of 473 postgraduates participated in the investigation.Among them,311 systematically learned medical statistics before enrollment,and 275 ( 58.14％ ) once participated in scientific researches.Most of them ( ＞80％ ) knew about the 10 basic methods of research design listed in the questionnaire,but only a few of them were familiar with them,and some even didn't know about the methods.ConclusionWe should pay attention to the culture of scientific research thought in statistical design,strengthen the practice of research design teaching,and the curriculum of research design should be led into undergraduate course.

Objective To observe the resection of the scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL)and its subregions on the three-dimensional(3-D)movement of the scaphoid and lunate so as to discuss the role of SLIL in the 3D flexion-extension motion of the scaphoid and lunate.Methods Twelve upper extremities(six left extremities and six right extremities)from adult cadaver were used in this study and divided into five groups:normal group,proximal subregion resection group,proximal subregion plus dorsal subregion resection group,proximal subregion plus palmar subregion resection group and whole SLIL resection group.The 3-D laser scan and reconstruction technique were used for meusure ment of the 3-D flexion-extension motion of the scaphoid and lunate.Results In the normal group,the scaphoid and lunate flexed and the radial deviated at the same direction during wrist flexion-extension motion.At the same time,there was minimal scaphoid and lunate pronation-supination during wrist flexionextension.After resection of the proximal and palmar(or dorsal)subregions of the SLIL,some different movements were found compared with the normal specimen.Whole SLIL resection resulted in increase of the flexion motion of the scaphoid but decrease of the palmar flexion of the lunate.Conclusions 3-D laser scanning and image reconstruction techniques can accurately measure the 3D motion of the scaphoid and lunate.Partial or whole resection of SLIL may exert significant effect on the flexion-extension motion of the scaphoid and lunate.However,the proximal subregion of SLIL has no prominent effect on the motion of the scaphoid and lunate.

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of rhubarb (大黄) combined with scopolamine on gastric and gut mucosal barrier in patients with severe trauma. Methods: Forty patients with severe trauma, injury severity score (ISS)≥25, were randomly divided into two groups (each n=20), namely common therapy group (CM group) and rhubarb (infused into stomach) combined with scopolamine group (RS group). In RS group, rhubarb combined with scopolamine were given just after the first time measuring gastrointramucosal pH (pHi), the other treatment was the same as CM group.The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded, and pHi, lactic acid, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) were measured on admission and at 24, 48 and 72 hours after admission. Results: The MAP, HR and pHi were uptrend in both groups. There were significant increase in MAP and pHi of RS group at 72 hours compared with those of CM group (both P

Conformational restriction has become one of the important strategies for modification and optimization of lead compounds in structure-based drug design. In this review, we select some recent practical examples from literature to present applications of conformational restriction in structure-based drug design. By introducing fused rings, macrocycles, spiral rings, cyclopropyl groups, bridging rings, methyl groups into molecules, we can find that the conformational restriction strategy is widely used in improving pharmacokinetic properties, enhancing the activity and selectivity, and increasing the novelty of compounds. By using these conformational restriction strategies, the drug-like properties of lead compounds can be significantly improved. This paper can help to provide theoretical guidance and practical experience for innovation in drug design and development.