Objective To measure the changes of enamel diameter and depth after Er :YAG laser irradiation .Methods 80 enam-el samples were randomly divided into two supergroups according to irradiation time (10 s and 20 s) ,each supergroup was randomly divided into 5 groups according to different irradiation energy (0 .5W ,1 .0W ,1 .5W ,2 .0W and 2 .5W) ,separately underwent the Er :YAG laser irradiation with different time and different energy .Observed and measured the diameter and depth of each pit with a stereoscopic microscope after irradiation .Results After 10 seconds irradiation ,the differences of enamel diameter between illumi-nate power 0 .5W and 1 .0W ,0 .5W and 1 .5W ,0 .5W and 2 .0W ,0 .5W and 2 .5W were statistically significant(P<0 .05) ,the differences of enamel depth between two groups were statistically significant (P<0 .05) eliminating 1 .5W and 2 .0W .After 20 sec-onds irradiation ,the differences of enamel diameter between illuminate power 0 .5W and 1 .0W ,1 .0W and 2 .0W ,1 .0W and 2 .5W were statistically significant(P<0 .05) ,the differences of enamel depth were the same to 10 seconds irradiation .Conclusion The diameter and depth of enamel were changed under the irradiation of different time and energy ,which was helpful to clinical treat-ment of enamel caries .

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of urethroplasty via transpubie ap-proach in treatment of complex posterior urethral strictures after pelyic fracture. Methods Urethroplas-ty via transpubic approach was done on 26 patients (21 males and 5 females, at mean age of 26 years) with complex posterior urethral strictures. Posterior urethral stricture was 2.5-4.0 cm long in 23 patiens and > 4.0 em in three. There were five patients with urethratresia. The perioporative complications and operative effect were evaluated after the broken ends of the urethra was thoroughly resected and treated with end-to-end anastomosis. Results A follow-up for 1-7 years ( mean 4 years) showed successful op-eration in 22 patients (85%), with normal urination and without complications like osteitis pubis, pelvic disassociation, pelvic instability or urinary incontinence. But obstructed urination was found in one (4%) and failed operation in three (11%). Conclusions Urethroplasty via transpubic approach takes advantages of precise and thorough scar excision, less complications and long term curative effect and is clinically feasible and safe for patients with complex posterior urethral stricture.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy of using allogeneic amniotic membrane for myringoplasty in the treatment of traumatic perforation of tympanic membrane.METHODS 27 cases of traumatic perforation of tympanic membrane underwent myringoplasty with allogeneic amniotic membrane between July 2003 and February 2008 were analyzed retrospectively.The perforation healing rate and hearing improvement were studied.RESULTS All cases were followed-up for more than 6 months. The perforation healing rate was 96.3%and PTA gain was(12?3.7) dB.CONCLUSION The virtue of myringoplasty with allogeneic amniotic membrane is the plenty of service,convenient operation,little damage and good histocompatibility and effect.

Objective To investigate the cause of pleural effusion in elderly patients on mechanical ventilation, and to analyze the effect of mechanical ventilation on hemodynamics. Methods 100 elderly patients admitted to our hospital from Jan 2002 to Oct 2004 who had received mechanical ventilation were studied retrospectively and logistic regression analysis of risk factors of pleural effusion before and after mechanical ventilation were performed. 8 patients of them were examined by ultrasonic cardiography before and during mechanical ventilation. Results Before mechanical ventilation there were 27 patients complicated with pleural effusion. After mechanical ventilation another 33 patients were showed to develop pleural effusion. Totally 60 mechanical ventilated patients had pleural effusion. The analysis of logistic regression showed that cardiac insufficiency was significantly correlated with pleural fluid in the patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The transmembrane pressure of tricuspid valve was increased during mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Incidence of pleural effusion increased, hemodynamics changed and the transmembrane pressure of tricuspid valve increased with mechanical ventilation in the elderly patients. Cardiac insufficiency was an important risk factor of pleural effusion.

Pleomorphic adenoma ranks first among parotid gland tumors. Surgical procedure, which includes enucleation, ex-tra-capsular resection, partial superficial parotidectomy (PSP), superficial parotidectomy (SP), and total parotidectomy (TP), remains to be the treatment of choice for pleomorphic adenoma. In the last century, physicians lacked understanding on the pathological character-istics of pleomorphic adenoma and facial neurotomia. Thus, simple enucleation of tumors has always been the major therapy for pa-tients to reduce the rate of facial nerve injury. However, postoperative recurrence was frequently observed in patients that have under-gone simple enucleation. In this study, the surgeons attempted to control the relapse rate by enlarging the scope of excision when remov-ing a pleomorphic adenoma, and by performing an extra-capsular resection procedure that was developed in the clinic. Although the tu-mor peplos was excised, the surgeons failed to control the relapse rate. SP and TP apparently decreased the relapse rate of the pleomor-phic adenomas. However, these therapies seem to be overcorrected by the aggravation of facial nerve injuries. PSP is a relatively ad-vanced technique that is currently used in parotid surgery. PSP reduces the rate of relapse and facial nerve injury, as verified by basic pa-thology research. Nevertheless, the controversy between advanced PSP and classic SP still exists. Plastic surgery, pathology research, and gene testing were used to evaluate the advantages of advanced PSP and classic SP. However, the research failed to derive a con-firmed result that can determine which treatment method is fit and unfit to treat pleomorphic adenoma. Our study reviews the trend of parotid surgery from a historic point of view.

Objective To investigate the detecting ability of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and CT in skull base invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods Sixty three patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were examined by whole body and skull base SPECT and CT of nasopharynx and skull base before radiotherapy. The results were double blind compared and evaluated. Results The overall positive rates of skull base invasion detected by SPECT and CT were 63.5% and 25.4%. In patients with headache, cranial nerve palsy and both, they were 87.9%,93.3%,92.3% and 42.4%,46.7%,46.2%. In patients with T 1+T 2 and T 3+T 4 lesions, they were 37.5%,90.3% and 0.0%,51.6%. In patients with N 0+N 1 and N 2+N 3 lesions, they were 63.9% ,63.0% and 19.4%,33.3%. The positive rates of SPECT were higher than those of CT (McNemar Test, P

Now human parasites are still important pathogens to harm human health.Researches on parasites have ranged from the simple aetiology to the field of studying vital phenomena by modern science.However some domestic medical colleges cut out the course of human parasitology without enough consideration.Aiming directly at this phenomenon the author has discussed the scientific orientation of human parasitology in preclinical medicine education and expounded the point of view.

Objective:Facial nerves can be dissected using anterograde and retrograde approaches. The optimal technique for the facial nerve dissection of a patient with benign parotid tumor has not yet been determined. This study focused on facial nerve dysfunc-tion and recovery rate after anterograde and retrograde facial-nerve dissections. Methods:The data of 110 patients with benign carotid adenoma from the Head and Neck Department of this hospital who were hospitalized between January 2011 and January 2013 were col-lected. These patients were divided into groups A (n=52) and B (n=58). Anterograde and retrograde dissections of the facial nerve were performed on group A and group B patients, respectively. Based on the preferential order of dissection, group B was divided into groups B1, B2, and B3 representing the zygomatic, buccal, and marginal mandibular branches, respectively. The patients were postoperatively observed to check for potential symptoms, such as facial paralysis along with its severity and recovery. The House-Brackmann grading system was used to assess all patients. Results:The operation could be successful, with better nerve exposure, using these approaches. Statistical differences were observed in the nerve injury and recovery rates between the groups, with group A better than group B, and group B2 better than the other two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion:Anterograde facial nerve dissection should be routinely used in be-nign parotid tumor, and the buccal branch of facial nerve dissection should be preferentially considered when no other option apart from retrograde dissection is available.

Objective:To retrieve and analyze the relevant literatures on vancomycin added into bone cement to provide the evi-dence for the treatment of osteomyelitis and other orthopedic infections. Methods:Search strategy and criteria of inclusion and exclu-sion for literatures were designed. PubMed, SCI, Embase, CNKI, VIP and the other databases were searched, and the articles from the establishment date to February 2014 were statistically analyzed using bibliometric methods. The final included documents were sta-tistically analyzed in respect of the article type, year, contents, citation frequency and the maln contents of the study. Results:A total of 1 941 articles were searched, and 430 of them were in the final inclusion. The total number of the articles in every year was in an es-calating trend. The paper focused on the research and analysis of clinical studies, and there were 74 clinical studies among the includ-ed literatures, which accounted for 17. 2% of all the included literatures. The highest citation frequency was 97 for one literature. The research included the overall situation, year distribution, publishing country, research type analysis, corresponding author and their in-stitutions, journals, citation frequency, and the maln content of work and clinical studies on vancomycin added into bone cement. The analysis could provide reference for the clinical treatment of orthopedic diseases. Conclusion: The results of the analysis show that vancomycin added into bone cement in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis is effective with high security, and the technology is ma-ture.

High-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology produces a tremendous amount of raw sequence data. The challenges for researchers are to process the raw data, to map the sequences to genome, to discover variants that are different from the reference genome, and to prioritize/rank the variants for the question of interest. The recent development of many computational algorithms and programs has vastly improved the ability to translate sequence data into valuable information for disease gene identification. However, the NGS data analysis is complex and could be overwhelming for researchers who are not familiar with the process. Here, we outline the analysis pipeline and describe some of the most commonly used principles and tools for analyzing NGS data for disease gene identification.
Genome ; Genome, Human ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Sequence Alignment ; Statistics as Topic