Objective To study the diagnostic value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS) in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy(MHE).Methods MRS of cingulated cortex and frontal lobe were acquired using point resolved echo spin spectroscopy(PRESS) sequences in 26 patients with MHE.Peak area of each metabolite,including NAA,Cr,Cho,mI,Glx and their ratios to Cr were computed,respectively.Then the results were compared with normal control group.Results Compared with the normal control group,MHE group showed significant decreased Cho/Cr,mI/Cr(P0.05).Conclusions The patients with MHE show that Cho and mI significantly decrease and Glx significantly elevate in cingulate cortex and frontal lobe on MRS.Diagnostic value of MRS is significant to MHE.

Objective To provide a reliable model of orthotopic liver transplantation in rats and study surgical techniques for improving the quality of the operation. Methods The model was established by modified Kamada’s cuff technique. The time of cold preservation was 60 min. The successful rate of the method and one-week survival rate were observed. Results In 135 cases undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation, one-week survival rate was 89.2% . The successful rate of the model was 95.6% . Conclusions The key for success in rat liver transplantation is the shortened anhepatic period and delicate and skillful surgical manipulation. Also some detailed modified techniques should be used.

Objective: This article combined the methods of quantitative and qualitative research to probe Luxun’ personality characteristics.Methods: Elevn Literature college teachers of Hunan normal university evaluated Luxun’ personality characteristics used the Adjective Checklist of Personality.Results: 29 adjective words were selected as fit Luxun’s personality.Cluster analysis to this 29 words showed that they may be grouped into three types: "Independently striving to improve","Self-respect and stubborn","lonely and radicalization".The method of psychobiographical analysis to Luxun’ personality showed that the childhood experience,solution to identity crisis had great influention on the development of Luxun’s personality.Moreover,through applying the Psychoanalysis,we inferred that Luxun has inferiority complex.Conclusion: Luxun’s personality’s development were influenced by many factors,like childhood experience,family’s status,his social experience and enrironment and so on.

Objective To analyze the bone mineral density(BMD)and the correlated influence factors ingirls. Methods BMD and partial physical development variables of 714 girls, aged 9 to 16, were examined in Guangdong and Guangxi province and a questionnaire was administered to all subjects to determine their milk intake, physical activity, menarche, and regularity of menstruation. Results BMD in girls increased by 4.4% at age of 9～12, increased by 6.0% at age of 12～14, and increased by 2.5% at age of 14～16. Compared with girls having less than six-hour outdoor exercise, those having more than six-hour outdoor exercise revealed higher BMD levels (P200ml/day) might be effective for promoting BMD of girls during puberty.

Diabetes mellitus is an independent predictor of high platelet reactivity after antiplatelet therapy in patients with ischemic stroke,and the latter is closely related to the increased risk of recurrence of stroke.The mechanisms of high platelet reactivity in patients with diabetes or insulin resistance are associated with a variety of factors.Some circulating molecules can be used as markers for predicting the reactivity of platelets.Monitoring of platelet reactivity after treatment with new antiplatelet agents may provide basis for individualized antithrombotic therapy in ischemic stroke patients with diabetes or insulin resistance.

Clopidogrel can inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce the risk of recurrent stroke.However,it is a great difference in antiplatelet inhibition in different populations.This article reviews the mechanism of clopidogel resistance and its countermeasures in the prevention of ischemic stroke.

Objective To investigate the relationship between biomarkers of renal function and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in cerebral hemorrhage patients.Methods This is a cross-sectional study including a total of 129 patients with cerebral hemorrhage.All patients underwent susceptibility weighted 3.0 T MRI.The presence and number of CMBs on susceptibility weighted MRI were independently interpreted.We calculated the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) from morning spot urine and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in serum samples.Serum cystatin C (CysC) was measured using the automated particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay.Results Among 129 patients with cerebral hemorrhage,86 (66.7％) had CMBs on susceptibility-weighted imaging.UACR (mg/g;20.47 ± 9.03 vs 35.24±14.83,t=3.823,P＜0.01)andCysC (mg/L;0.98±0.09vs 1.31 ±0.13,t=4.739,P＜0.01) levels were higher in the patients with CMBs than those without,and the eGFR (ml · min-1 · 1.73 m 2) was lower in the patients with CMBs than those without (78.07 ± 18.69 vs 61.59 ± 17.08,t =3.672,P ＜0.01).A Logistic regression analysis indicated that the levels of kidney impairment biomarkers were significantly associated with the prevalence of CMBs in cerebral hemorrhage patients after an adjustment for age,sex and other risk factors.The odds ratio (OR) and 95％ CI of each kidney biomarkers (eGFR,UACR,and CysC) for the CMBs status were 2.573 (1.172-5.315),2.735 (1.247-6.246)and 2.976 (1.764-6.968),respectively.CysC exhibited fair diagnostic value for CMBs,with an area under the curve of 0.835 (95％ CI 0.791-0.878).Furthermore,there were negative correlations between eGFR and the the number of CMBs (P =0.038,R2 total =0.216).There was a positive correlation between UACR,CysC and number of CMBs (P =0.024,R2 total =0.312;P =0.013,R2 total =0.375).Conclusions Elevated levels of kidney biomarkers are associated with the presence of CMBs in cerebral hemorrhage patients,independent of conventional risk factors.CysC may be a potential diagnostic biomarker for CMBs in cerebral hemorrhage patients.

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum cystatin C (CysC) levels and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Methods The patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled.Susceptibility weighted imaging was used to identify the presence of CMBs.Particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay was used to detect the levels of serum CysC.Results A total of 485 patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled,including 151 (31.1％) with CMBs.The level of serum CysC of the CMB group was significantly higher than that of the non-CMB group (1.24± 0.13 mg/L vs.1.02± 0.11 rmg/L; t=4.261,P＜ 0.001).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the increased serum CysC level was an independent risk factor for the presence of CMBs in patients with acute ischemic stroke (each increase in one standard deviation,odds ratio 4.063,95％ confidence interval 2.142-8.127; P ＜0.001).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the number of CMBs in patients with acute ischemic stroke increased with the increasing serum CysC level after adjusting for other confounders (r2 =0.361,P =0.017).Conclusions In patients with acute ischemic stroke,the serum CysC levels are independently associated with the CMBs,and the number of CMBs increases with the serum CysC level.

Objective T lymphocyte subsets in children with characteristics observed with infec-tious mononucleosis (infectious mononucleosis,IM),to explore its reference value.Methods January 2011 to December 2014 during a pediatric door altogether 115 cases of hospitalized children were divided in-to three groups,51 cases of IMgroup,33 atypical group,31 patients flyers syndrome,selecting outpatient healthy children as 101 cases the control group.For each group T lymphocyte subsets:CD3 + CD4 +,CD3 +CD8 +,CD4 +/CD8 + ratio,analyze the differences between the groups was significant.Results Compared four groups of T lymphocyte subsets (CD3 +,CD3 +CD4 +,CD3 +CD8 +,CD4 +/CD8 + ratio)change char-acteristics,IMgroup,atypical group,flyers syndrome group and the control group,the difference was sta-tistically significance (P <0.05),presence prompts patients significant immune dysfunction;children IM group than in the atypical group,flyers syndrome group CD3 +,indicators of changes in CD3 +CD4 +,CD3 +CD8 +,CD4 +/CD8 + ratio and other more obvious The difference was statistically significant (P <0.05), described IMgroup of children was more severe immune dysfunction;atypical combination Flyer syndrome group,the difference was not statistically significant (P >0.05),two groups of children described in T there was no significant difference in lymphocyte immune.Conclusions T lymphocyte subsets have some reference value in the differential diagnosis of IM,and prompt clinical attention to EB virus infection in chil-dren whose immune function,can help prevent and treat.

Objective Peking University Health Science Center,together with Keio University,King's College London and Karolinska Institutet developed a cooperative medical research summer school.It integrates the education methods of lectures,lab rotations and visits etc.,which forms a special model.This study aims to analyze and evaluate the effect,prospect and space for further improvement of the summer school.Methods Program documents review and evaluation,interview and questionnaire survey to teachers as well as students who engaged in such program.Results The sum mer school enhances the research cooperation and communication among faculties and students from participating universities;it is highly appraised by participating teachers and students;students are particularly satisfied in the following aspects:gain knowledge and skills in cross-cultural communication,develop global health knowledge,gain knowledge and skills in research,and also enhance the sense of commitment in research.Conclusions The research summer school can improve the postgrad uate education standard,promote scientific cooperation,and improve students' research capacity.However,there are still some space for further improvement,such as improve the recruitment process;enhance the platform support;strengthen the evaluation,feedback and follow up system;further develop the program in depth and breadth.