What is education is a masterpiece on education of karl Jaspers,which gives a profound impact on Germany and the world's education.This paper makes an analysis about it on the basis of the essence of education,philosophical base,teacher- student relationship,university idea and so on,and makes a further efforts to point out that this viewpoint will have deep inspira- tion to the teaching method reform we are now promoting.

Objective: This study was designed to assess the protective effects of high-dose aprotinin on isolated rat hearts from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Method: The study consisted of two groups of rats. An isolated rat working heart model was established. Group A (n=16), received cardioplegia with high-dose aprotinin. Group B (n=16), received same cardioplegia only. The rat hearts were perfused for 30 minutes, then arrested for 40 minutes and reperfused for 30 minutes. The hemodynamic parameters, myocardial creatine kinase (CK) and myocardial ultrastructure were measured before ischemia and during reperfusion. Results: Recovery of cardial function, coronary flow and myocardial ultrastructure in group A was significantly better. CK level was lower in group A. Conclusion: High-dose aprotinin (1×106 KIU/L) may reduce myocardial ischemic and reperfusion injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of psychotropic substances for outpatients in our hospital.METHODS: The psychiatric substances used in the outpatients between June and December in 2006 were analyzed statistically in respect of the defined daily dose,DDDs and average daily expense etc.RESULTS: Of the total 7 286 prescriptions analyzed,the psychotropic substances prescribed totaled 12 kinds,of which,2 were typeⅠ,and 10 type Ⅱ.Estazolam,Alprazolam and Diazepam ranked at the first three places in terms of numbers of prescriptions;Estazolam,Alprazolam and Clonazepam ranked at the first three places in terms of DDDs;Zolpidem,Midazolam and Alprazolam ranked at the first three places in terms of consumption sum;Nitrazepam,Estazolam and Phenobarbital ranked at the lowest places in terms of average daily expense.CONCLUSION: Of the total psychiatric substances consumed in the outpatients of our hospital,benzodiazepines were used predominantly for their merits of low cost but proved efficacy.

Objective To investigate the effect of lycopene (Lyc) on H9c2 cell apoptosis induced by angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ).Methods Using Ang Ⅱ (10 μmol/L) to stimulate H9c2 cells,we observed the protective effect of Lyc on H9c2 cells apoptosis.The H9c2 cells viability induced by different consideration of Lyc or Ang Ⅱ or both was detected by CCK8 assay.The expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 in H9c2 cells were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Western blot was conducted to detect the protein expressions of Bax,Caspase 3,Caspase 9 and Bcl-2 in H9c2 cells.The apoptotic ratio of H9c2 cells was observed by TUNEL assay.Results Compared with control group,Ang Ⅱ could decrease the viability of H9c2 cells to (92.87±4.37)％.The result of RT-PCR showed that Ang Ⅱ decreased the expression level of Bcl-2,and Bax level was increased under the stimulation of Ang Ⅱ (P＜0.05),while the expression level of Bcl-2 was increased and Bax level was decreased under the co-stimulation of Ang Ⅱ and Lyc in a concentration dependent manner,which indicated that Lyc ameliorated the apoptosis of H9c2 cells.The result of western blot showed that the protein expressions of Bax,Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 were increased,but Bcl-2 was decreased after the stimulation of Ang Ⅱ (P＜0.05).While these phenomenon reversed apparently under the co stimulation of Ang Ⅱ and Lyc.A large number of apoptotic cells were observed under the stimulation of Ang Ⅱ through TUNEL assay.But the number of apoptotic cells reduced significantly under the co-stimulation of Lyc and Ang Ⅱ (P ＜0.05).Conclusions Lyc ameliorates the H9c2 cell apoptosis induced by Ang Ⅱ,which indicates that Lyc may have an important role in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases.

Objective To isolate and culture sweat gland epithelial cells in vitro,and to study the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on intracellular flee calcium concentration ([Ca~(2+)]i) of cultured sweat gland epithelial cells.Methods Sweat glands epithelial cells were collected by enzymatic digestion.After ACh was added to the primary and first passage cells,[Ca~(2+)]i was examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the Ca~(2+) sensitive dye Fura 3/AM.Results The primary and first passage epithe- lial cells grew well.After ACh was added,opening of the calcium channel and significant [Ca~(2+)]i increase were observed when the primary and first passage cells were incubated with high concentration of calcium (2 mmol/L);no significant [Ca~(2+)]i increase was observed in those cultured without calcium.Conclusion Upon stimulation with ACh,calcium channels of cultured primary and first passage sweat gland epithelial cells would open,influx of extracellular Ca~(2+) occurred,which resulted in an increase of [Ca~(2+)]i.Extracellular bound calcium was therefore converted into intracellular free calcium.

BackgroundGlaucoma associates with apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells ( RGCs).Research showed that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) can repair optic nerve trauma,but it has not reported whether CNTF has a protective effect on glaucomatous optic neuropathy.ObjectiveThis experimental study was to explore the protective effect of CNTF on RGCs in rat eyes with acute ocular hypertension.MethodsOcular acute hypertension models were induced in bilateral eyes of 24 clean Wistar rats by forced perfusion of a balanced salt solution into the anterior chamber.Two days before molding,0.5 μg recombinant human CNTF (5 μl) was injected intravitreously in the left eyes,and 5 mmol/L sodium phosphate solution (5 μl) was injected in the same way as the control group.Three other Wistar rats were used as the normal control group.The animals were sacrificed by excessive anesthesia and the retinal sections were prepared 1,3,7,14 days after molding.The morphology of the retina was examined and RGCs counting was performed by hematoxylin & eosin staining and observed under a light microscope.The expression of glutamic acid in RGCs was assessed by immunochemistry.ResultsRegular retinal structure with clearly defined cell layers were observed in normal control rats.Changes in vacuoles in RGCs were seen in the model control group.The number of degenerative RGCs decreased in the CNTF group.Compared with the model control group,number of normal RGCs increased from 1 day to 14 days after molding with a significant difference between the two groups (all P=0.000).Immunochemistry assay showed that the numbers of positive cells for glutamic acid were 5.50±1.04 and 6.00±1.41 for the average of 3 fields at 3 days or 7 days in the CNTF group,and those in the model control group were 9.00±2.91 and 10.83 ± 1.94,respectively,showing significant differences between them ( all P =0.000 ).However,no comparable differences were found in the numbers of positive cells for glutamic acid at 1 day and 14 days between the two groups( P=0.578,0.180).ConclusionsCNTF down-regulates the expression of glutamic acid in RGCs and offers neuroprotection for RGCs in an acute glaucoma rat model.

Objective To study the clinical values of positron emission tomography(PET)in pre-term and term newborn infants through observing neonatal brain by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose(18F-FDG)PET.Methods The brain by 18F-FDG PET in 11 term and 7 pre-term newborn infants after administration of 0.1 mCi /kg 18F-FDG were observed.There were 11 males and 7 females,who were normal by brain computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.Results The brain 18F-FDG PET image in pre-term and term newborn infants was relatively high in thalamus,and relatively low in cerebral cortex,whereas the total brain was different with adults.Especially in the area of cerebral cortex,the uptake of glucose was relatively higher,and the structure of brain 18F-FDG image was more clear in term infants than that in pre-term infants.Conclusion Neonatal brain picture by 18F-FDG PET is a new tool for predicting the brain function,and its clinical values need further investigating.

Objective To explore the changes of positron emission tomography(PET)in newborn infants with HIE through 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose(18F-FDG)and it's significance.Methods Eleven healthy newborn infants and 8 newborn infants with HIE were selected.Among the healthy newborns,7 cases were male and 4 cases were female,and the mean birth-weight was(3 350?620)g,the gestational age was(37.9?1.3)weeks.Among the HIE neonates,5 cases were male and 3 cases were female,and the mean birth weight was(3 180?390)g,the gestational age was(37.1?2.4)weeks.There were no significant differences of sex and gestational age between the 2 groups.The examination time was form 3 to 21 d,and the mean age was(8.7?3.9)d.PET of the children in 2 groups were observed after 0.1 mCi/kg 18F-FDG injected 30 min.Results The brain 18F-FDG PET image in newborn infants was relatively high in thalamus,and relatively low in cerebral cortex,whereas the total brain was different with that of the adults,and that was not as clear as that of adults.Especially in the area of cerebral cortex,the uptake of glucose was relatively higher.The structure of brain 18F-FDG image was significantly changed in newborn infants with HIE,especially increased in the areas of peripheral ventricle and hypophloeodal cerebral white matter,and there was a remarkably bilateral asymmetry.Conclusions Neonatal brain picture by 18F-FDG PET is a new tool for predicting the brain function,and its clinical values need further investigating.

Objective To detect de novo development of anti-HLA antibodies after renal transplantation, and to investigate their influence on graft function. Methods 384 kidney recipients,who were negative for anti-HLA antibody before transplantation, were monitored for anti-HLA antibodies over a period of 3-96 months, and a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect anti-HLA antibodies. HLA antibody ＞10 % was defined as positive levels. Results Among 384 recipients tested, 318 recipients (82. 8 %) were negative for anti-HLA antibody after transplantation; 66 recipients (17. 2 %) developed de novo HLA antibodies, 3 recipients with HLA class Ⅰ, 61 with HLA class Ⅱ, 2 with both HLA class Ⅰ and Ⅱ. According to amino acid residue matching, 7 cases developed de novo antibodies among 92 recipients with 0 HLA-DR mismatches,compared with 59 cases among 292 recipients with 1-2 mismatches, which showed significant difference between two groups (P＜0. 01 ). 87. 4 % (278/318) recipients negative for HLA antibodies after transplantation achieved good graft function, in comparison with 65. 2 % (43/66) recipients positive for HLA antibodies (P＜0. 05). Conclusion De novo production of HLA antibodies posttransplantation may be closely associated with HLA-DR mismatch. De novo HLA antibodies posttransplantation might damage graft function and reduce graft survival rate. The detection of de novo development of anti-HLA antibodies after renal transplantation has clinical significance for assessing renal allograft function.

Objective To study the inhibitory effects of δ-opioid receptor activation in serumdeprivation induced apoptosis of human liver cells and the proposed protein kinase C(PKC)pathway mechanism.Methods MTT assay was used to detect the survival rate of human liver cells in vitro and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was used to detect the cell apoptosis rate.Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle,RT PCR used to analyze the PKC mRNA and Western Blot analysis was used for detecting the protein expression of PKC and Caspase-3.Results After serum-deprivation for 48h of cultured human liver cells in vitro,significant liver cell apoptosis occurred.The apoptosis was suppressed by δ-opioid receptor activation,which manifested as a slower rate of apoptosis,decreased expression of Caspase-3and increased expression of PKC.After GF109203X was added,the inhibitory effects of DADLE decreased markedly.Conclusion Activation of δ-opioid receptor on the membrane of human liver cells has inhibitory effects on serum-deprivation induced apoptosis of liver cells.The underlying mechanism may be associated with PKC pathway activation.