Objective To study the prevalence of chronic kidney disease(CKD) and risk factors among adults received examina-tion in Yongchuan district of Chongqing .Methods 10 280 residents(older than 18 years) were selected ,who had health examina-tion in the Yongchuan Affiliated Hospital ,Chongqing Medical University ,Yongchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Yongchuan people's hospital from January 2012 to December 2013 .Patients with CKD were identified by the examination dates .All of them were conducted with a questionnaire survey ,physical examination ,and renal damage and related risk indicator factors moni-toring for more than 3 months .Results Eligible dates of 10 021 subjects were enrolled in the study .The prevalence of albuminuria was 5 .1% ,hematuria in 8 .3% ,reduced renal function in 1 .4% .The CKD population prevalence rate was 15 .7% ,and the recogni-tion was 6 .4% .The Logistic regression model showed that hyperuricemia ,nephrolithiasis ,diabetes mellitus ,hypertension ,obesity and age contributed to the development of CKD .Conclusion The prevalence of chronic kidney disease is 15 .7% and the recognition is 6 .4% in urban healthy examination population of Yongchuan .Independent risk factors associated with CKD are hyperuricemia , nephrolithiasis ,diabetes mellitus ,hypertension ,obesity and age .

Radiotherapy is the main treatment method of early lung cancer not undergoing surgery for medical reasons and advanced non-resectable lung cancer. The local regional control of lung cancer requires high-dose irradiation, but this treatment is restricted by normal tissue tolerance. The measurement and control of errors are crucial for safe implementation of lung cancer precision radiotherapy. Lung tumor radiotherapy error sources, the methods to control these errors, and the error development trend are discussed in this review.

According to the present situation of our physics laboratories for teaching evaluation,considering the evaluation as a opportunity,the article probes into how to promote and strengthen the construction of physics laboratories and fully promote the reform and development of physics work.

Choroid neovascularization (CNV) is pathological proliferation of choroid vascular,accompanying with bleeding and leakage,is one of the major factors caused blindness,so CNV inhibitors have become a research hotspot.At present,researches on inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors,endogenous angiogenesis factors,redox and inflammatory response related factors,etc,have achieved certain progresses.In addition,as drugs with multiple targets for treatment,many Chinese herbs also show inhibition effect on CNV.This article reviews the research advances in inhibitors for CNV.

BACKGROUND: To delay the further aggravation of early femoral head necrosis, drilling decompression of the femoral head is a better treatment method. However, traditional trepanation and decompression of the femoral head is traumatic. OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference in the effect between robot-assisted drilling decompression and traditional surgery for aseptic necrosis of femoral head. METHODS: Forty patients with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head were included for retrospective comparative analysis. According to the treatment plan, they were divided into two groups. Eighteen cases (26 femoral heads) in the robot group were treated with drilling decompression assisted by robots. Among them, 13 cases (18 femoral heads) were in Ficat stage I and 5 cases (8 femoral heads) were in Ficat stage II. The traditional surgery group consisted of 22 patients (29 femoral heads). Among them, 15 patients (19 femoral heads) were in Ficat stage I and 7 patients (10 femoral heads) in Ficat stage II. Incision, times of intraoperative fluoroscopy, intraoperative blood loss, times of intraoperative puncture and operation time were compared between the two groups. Harris score was used before and 1, 3, and 6 months after operation to evaluate the hip effect. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) All cases were followed up for 6 months. (2) Incision, times of intraoperative fluoroscopy, intraoperative blood loss, times of intraoperative puncture and operation time were better in the robot group than in the traditional surgery group (P < 0.05). (3) Harris score was not significantly different 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery in the two groups (P > 0.05). (4) Compared with the traditional surgery, robot-assisted drilling decompression has no obvious advantage in the treatment of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. However, its operation incision is small; the number of intraoperative fluoroscopy is small; the trauma is small; and the operation is safer and minimally invasive.

BACKGROUND: Hydroxyapatite has been widely used in the studies on bone materials due to its good histocompatibility and bone conductivity. But pure hydroxyapatite has no antibacterial properties. Therefore, the antibacterial modification of hydroxyapatite is of great importance.OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of the antibacterial modification of hydroxyapatite. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval of Science Direct online, PubMed, and CNKI databases was performed for the articles published before 2019. The key words were “antibacterial mechanism, hydroxyapatite, silver, gold, copper, cobalt, chitosan, strontium, zinc, gallium, magnesium, selenium, titanium” in English and Chinese, respectively. The irrelevant, repeated and old articles were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There are many ways to modify hydroxyapatite, but the main way is to add metal antibacterial particles. Silver, gold, copper, cobalt, chitosan, strontium, zinc, gallium, magnesium, selenium and titanium can be added into hydroxyapatite to make it have antibacterial activity. There are still some limitations in the research of antibacterial materials: the release curve of antibacterial Ions in hydroxyapatite has not been well regulated. There are few antibacterial materials, let alone used for implants in vivo. More nontoxic substances with good antibacterial properties need to be found. Due to the toxicity of antibacterial Ions, there is no uniform standard for the optimal concentration of each kind of antibacterial ion.

Professor Jin Shi-yuan has been worked in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) over 70 years. He made prominent contributions in identification, processing, dispensing of TCM and reasonable use proprietary Chinese medicine. In over 70 years, he has mastered herbal medicine and traditional Chinese Medicine. It is also professor JIN's academic characteristic. Professor JIN's practical experiences were summarized according to the current situation about clinical medication, change of species of Juhong and Chenpi has been different from species of medical history. The quality is lower than before. Medicinal parts of Danggui, Gancao, Huangqin and Wuyao has been changed. So the actions of these herbal medicines have been changed also. Fresh herbal Qianchangpu has disappeared but it should be used clinically. Medical history, change of species, change of medicinal part, and change of preparing process in professor JIN's academic idea were be summarized periodically. The result is hoped to be referred by administration, manufacture, medical treatment of TCM.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; education ; history ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Herbals as Topic ; history ; standards ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history

Objective To investigate the signaling pathways involved in the activation of neuron and glia in spinal cord in rats with neuropathic pain. Methods Twelve female SD rats (weighted 150 to 200 g) were randomized into two groups of spared nerve injury(group SNI) and control(group C). Surgery was performed to build model of SNI neuropathic pain in group SNI. Foot-lift response frequency to mechanical stimulation for ipsilateral hindpaw was assessed by 12 g and 2 g touch stimulator at different times. On the 11~(th) day after operation, 3 rats from each group were fixed by perfusion and the expressions of mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK), p-mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-MEK), p-extracellular regulated protein kinase(p-ERK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were detected by immunohistochemistry method. And proteins from ipsilateral LA-6 spinal cord in other 3 rats from each group were extracted for Western Blot analysis. Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were performed with antibodies specific for MEK, p-MEK, pERK and NF-κB. Results All rats in group SNI developed a relative unchangeable mechanical allodynia since the 5~(th) day after operation. The results of immunohistochemistry method showed that the expression of MEK was mainly in cytoplasm, p-MEK in cell nuclear, p-ERK in astrocyte and NF-κB in neuron according to morphologic observation. Western Blot analysis indicated that the expressions of p-MEK, p-ERK and NF-κB in group SNI were increased significantly compared with those in group C(P<0. 05). Conclusion In the spinal cord of rats with neuropathic pain, MEK-ERK signaling pathway is activated in astrocytes and NF-κB in neurons, which may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain.

Objective: To investigate the enhancive effect of TNF-α on transfection efficiency of adenovi-rus in mononuclear cells of mouse and the enhancive capability of protection of bone marrow by MDR1. Meth-ods: Before the mononuclear cells of mouse were infected by recombinant adenovirus encoding human MDR1 gene, they had been pretreated by TNF-α. Transfection efficiency of adenovirus was monitored by fluo-rescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry (FCM). mRNA and protein levels of MDR1 in the mononuclear cells of mouse were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot before and after treatment of TNF-α. Results: After treatment of TNF-α, tansfection rates of adenovirus were obviously increased in the treated group (26.26%) compared with the untreated group (11.96%). mRNA levels and protein levels of MDR1 were obviously increased in the treated group compared with the untreated group. Conclusion: TNF-α could enhance transfection efficiency of adenovirus in mononu-clear cells of mouse and enhance capability of protection of bone marrow by MDR1.

BACKGROUND: Drug treatment has unsatisfactory effect on Alzheimer disease, while many studies have indicated that the transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) is effective on Parkinson disease, cerebral ischemia, etc., but the mechanism is still unclear.OBJECTIVE: To imitate transplantation environment by co-culture of amyloid β1-40 (Aβ1-40) damaged PC12 cells and MSCs, observe the effect of bi-directional information feedback in the microenvironment on the transdifferentiation of MSCs to nerve cells, and observe its protective effect on the apoptosis of damaged PC12 cells.DESTGN: A comparative observation.SETTING: Department of Neurology, China Medical University.MATERIALS: SD rats of 2-3 weeks after birth either male or female were used. PC12 cell lines were purchased from the Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; neuro-specific enolase (1:50, Boster, Wuhan);Methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) 15 μL (terminal concentration of 0.5 g/L).METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Experimental Center (provincial experimental animal center) of China Medical University from June to July in 2004. Bilateral femurs were aseptically removed from 1 SD rat, and MSCs were identified using CD44 antibody immunofiuorescently. PC12 was used to replace nerve cells. The PC12 cells were stimulated by Aβ1-40 then transferred by Transwell. There were 5 groups: Group A: normally cultured PC12 co-cultured with MSCs; Group B: Aβ1-40 stimulated PC12 co-cultured with MSCs; Group C: normal PC12 supernatant+MSCs; Group D: damaged PC12 supernatant+MSCs; Group E: MSCs cultured with common medium 1640.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Routine immunohistochemical staining was performed. NSE positive cells were observed under inverted fluorescence microscope, 10 visual fields (200×) were randomly selected to count the positive cells. MTT metabolic rate was used to detect the proliferation of MSCs in each group. The differences of measurement data were compared using the one-way analysis of variance.fluorescent and bright fields, NSE positive cells appeared as red fluorescence, MSCs were bipolar, multipolar and cone shapes, and appeared as neuron-like forms with dendrite-like structure, and there were extensive connections among some neuron-like cells. The NSE positive rates was obviously higher in group B than groups A, C, D and E (P ＜ 0.01 ).in groups A, C, D and E (F=9.713, P＜ 0.01).