Based on the comprehensive studies in the past years, the authors reviewed important findings on biology, especially the resting habits, of the four major species of sandflies transmitting visceral leishmaniasis. The effective ways for sandfly control were also discussed.

[ABSTRACT]IL-13isapleiotropiccytokinemainlysecretedbyactivatedTh2cells.Ithas2receptors,IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2.The latter had been thought to serve exclusively as a decoy receptor for a long period of time due to its short cytoplasmic tail and lack of signal transduction structure .Since Fichtner-Feigl reported in Nature Medicine that IL-13 is in-volved in induction of TGF-βproduction and tissue fibrosis through IL-13Rα2-mediated signaling pathway , it was found that IL-13Rα2 has more sophisticated functions than just a simple decoy receptor as more and more researches have explored its signaling functions .This review combines the most advanced research results with previous investigation and discusses the gene structure, expression, production, distribution, subtype conversion and possible signal pathways mediated by this re-ceptor.More importantly, the connection with human diseases and the applications in disease diagnosis and molecule targe -ted therapy for cancer are also discussed .

AIM: To explore in vitro antioxidan activity of ChS extracted by two enzyme hydrolyses. METHODS: Papain,sodium hydroxide-trypsin were used to extract chondroint sulfate, respectively,DEAE-52 and DEAE-Sepharose FF ion exchange column chromatography were used to isolate and purify crude polysaccharide.RESULTS: The results showed that extraction rate of papain,sodium hydroxide-trypsin for chS was (39.51? 0.89 )%,and (21.23?1.65)%,respectively.DEAE-Sepharose FF was better than DEAE-52 for the isolation and purification of crude polysaccharide,two components were separated and purified from crude polysaccharide extracted by two extraction methods.Four components were separated and purified from crude polysaccharide extracted by papain on the DEAE-Sepharose FF.Three components were obtained by sodium hydroxide-trypsin.Molecular weight of ChS extracted by papain,sodium hydroxide-trypsin was 43569 Da,25773 Da,respectively.The DPPH?, ?OHand O~-_2? scavenging activity of the former was better than those of the latter. CONCLUSION: The study shows that the function of the ChS is probably related to extration mode,molecular weight and conformation.

ObjectiveTo describe the morphological variation of pointed teeth of buccal armature of Sergentomyia nankingensis in a supplementary study. Methods The morphology of Sergentomyia nankingensis was observed and the specimens included S nankingensis captured from the field as well as the female ones bred in the laboratary and their offspring of first generation. Results The buccal armature of females and males, consists of about 10-19 and 8-15 pointed teeth and the pigmented plate is polymorphous. In the nature,the number of pointed teeth of buccal armature of Sergentomyia is unstable,varying in more than 10 teeth in the same species sometimes. Conclusion Identification of species needs large amount of specimens for comparative observation. Sergentomyia sandfly should be raised separately and individually for morphological observation of its newly emerged offspring, especially when the sandfly specimens and data collected in the field were not sufficient.

AIM:To develop a method for determining cholic acid by HPLC-ELSD and GC was applied to determing muscone;in Jawei Xihuang Soft Capsule(Calculus Bovis,Moschus,Venenum Bufonis,Olibanum,Myrrha).METHODS:AC_(18) column(Kromasil C_(18),5 μm,4.6 mm×250 mm)was used as stationary phase,the mobile phase was methanol-0.01% glacial acetic acid(73:21)at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.The parameters of ELSD were set as follows:evaporation temperature was 40℃,carrier gas(N_2)pressure was 200 kPa.The GC system consisted of DB-1 capillary column(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm)and FID as the detector.The programmed temperature-GC and internal standard method were employed to determine the content of muscone.RESULTS:The linear ranges of cholic acid and muscone were in the range of 45.2 ng-904 ng and 0.05 mg/mL-0.5 mg/mL respectively.The average recoveries were 99.06% and 99.40% with RSD of 1.56% and 0.95% respectively.CONCLUSION:The method is convenient and accurate,and it can be used for the quality evaluation of Jawei Xihuang Soft Capsule.

AIM:To develop a method for determining cholic acid by HPLC-ELSD and GC was applied to determing muscone;in Jawei Xihuang Soft Capsule(Calculus Bovis,Moschus,Venenum Bufonis,Olibanum,Myrrha).METHODS:A C18 column(Kromasil C18,5 ?m,4.6 mm?250 mm)was used as stationary phase,the mobile phase was methanol-0.01% glacial acetic acid(73:27) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.The parameters of ELSD were set as follows:evaporation temperature was 40 ℃,carrier gas(N2) pressure was 200 kPa.The GC system consisted of DB-1 capillary column(30 m?0.32 mm?0.25 ?m) and FID as the detector.The programmed temperature-GC and internal standard method were employed to determine the content of muscone.RESULTS:The linear ranges of cholic acid and muscone were in the range of 45.2 ng-904 ng and 0.05 mg/mL—0.5 mg/mL respectively.The average recoveries were 99.06% and 99.40% with RSD of 1.56% and 0.95% respectively.CONCLUSION:The method is convenient and accurate,and it can be used for the quality evaluation of Jawei Xihuang Soft Capsule.

Fragility fracture caused by osteoporosis affects the health of the elderly. The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) advocate that the fracture liaison service (FLS) can improve the detection rate, treatment rate and compliance of patients with fragility fractures, and hence to reduce the incidence of secondary fractures. Currently, there are different models of FLS available globally, appropriate management is the key to effective implementation of FLS projects.

Objective :To study the two common method of internal irradiation for nanometer-iron nuclide,and how to estimation of the absorbed dose for each of them.Methods:We chose the nanometer-iron nuclide emitting β-ray during the decay period,Respectively,Arterial injected into the liver or percutaneous puncture direct inject into the liver.Results:Through the formula,a few nanometer-iron nuclide can produced greater radiation.Conclusion:The estimation of absorbed dose depends on the therapy method.

Objective To investigate the association between MPO gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci (rs2333227,-643G/A) and clinical characteristics in Kawasaki disease (KD) in Han population in central China. Methods A case-control study was performed. Two hundred and thirty-seven children with KD and 249 normal children were recruited. The polymorphism distribution of SNP was detected using PCR-RFLP. The clinical data of children with KD were collected. Results The frequency of SNP loci (rs2333227) genotypes (GG, GA, AA) was signiifcantly different between children with KD and normal children (P=0.039), the allele frequency was also signiifcantly different between two groups (P=0.012), and the G allele was the risk factor. Compared with other genotypes, KD children with GG genotype had higher frequency in hand-foot edema (P=0.029). The SNP polymorphism was also associated with peritoneal effusion (P=0.028), however this SNP polymorphism was not associated with conjunctival hyperemia, oral mucosa lesions, and coronary artery lesion (P>0.05), also was not associated to imaging characteristics of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lobular pneumonia (P>0.05). Conclusion The SNP loci (rs2333227) in MPO gene was associated with KD susceptibility, the G allele was a risk factor, and the SNP polymorphisms is associated with some clinical characteristic.

The main teaching methods for medical students and residents are didactic teaching,rote learning and apprenticeship.Although these teaching methods can be good for imparting knowledge,they are obviously insufficient for the training of technical skills,team cooperation and complex decision making.Application of biomedical engineering simulation in the anesthesia teaching can partially compensate for the insufficiency.The progress of biomedical engineering simulation in anesthesia teaching is reviewed and the educational trend was explored.