Objective:To find the regulations of glutamine(Gln) metabolism by tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?).Methods:Thirty male SD rats were assigned into three groups: A(total parenteral nutrition,TPN),B(TPN+Gln),C(TPN+ TNF-?+Gln).Besides all rats were supported by isonitrogenous and isocaloric TPN solutions for 3 days,rats in group B were supplied with Gln(in the form of alanylglutamine) for 3 days at the rate of 0.3 g/(kg?d),rats in group C were infused intravenously with TNF-? at the rate of 5 ?g/(kg?h) within the last 24 hours and also supplemented with Gln for three days at the same rate as in group B.At the last 0.5 hour,all animals were mainlined with \leucine at the dosage of 1.0 mmol/kg.TNF-? levels in plasma,concentrations of Gln in plasma and skeletal muscle were measured as the experiment ended after 72 hours,and the fractional synthesis rate(FSR) were also assessed.Results:The Gln concentrations in plasma and skeletal muscle increased markedly from group A,B to C.The levels of FSR decreased remarkably along with the sequence from group B,C to A.The statistical differences were significant(P

OBJECTIVE: Post-traumatic healing style is an important link in the process of wound healing. Scarless healing of fetus skin after trauma is the ideal healing style that is hunted for by people. The results of studies on the mechanism of scarless healing were reviewed to explore the mechanism of scarless healing of fetus skin.DATA SOURCES: Computer was applied to retrieve Medline database on the articles relating to the mechanism of scarless healing of fetus skin from January 1970 to December 2003. Docuterms were "fetus, skin and scarless healing". Language in the articles was limited to English.STUDY SELECTION: The documents were examined at first to exclude the study on non-healing mechanism. Full texts were found in the surplus documents. The inclusive criterion was the foundational experiment on the mechanism of scarless healing. Clinical trial and phenomenal study on scarless healing were excluded.DATA EXTRACTION: Forty-eight articles on experimental study relating to embryonic scarless healing were collected in all. Sixteen experiments accorded with the inclusive criterion and 32 were excluded.DATA SYNTHESIS: Sixteen experiments discussed the relationship between the fetus and scarless healing on terms of growth environment, inflammation reaction to trauma and regulation of fibroblast in organism, extracellular matrix and nany cellular factors.CONCLUSION: Growth environment of fetus has not so much relationship with the mechanism of scarless healing after trauma. Low reaction of fetus to inflammation, different extracellular matrix, component of collagen fiber and cell factors may take part in scarless healing process. Regulation of gene expression may play an important role in the process. But the concrete mechanism of scarless healing is not clear yet and still needs more researches and elucidations.

The amount of superoxide anions released by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) level in plasma,lung homoge-nate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined in pigs after they were inflicted with gunshot wounds of steel-ball pellets.It was found that the amount of superoxide anions released spontaneously and after the stimulation of zymosa was increased and reached the peak in the 4th and 8th hour after injury respectively,and then returned to the preinjury level gradually.The changes of plasma MDA level was similar to those of superoxide anions released by PMNs.MDA level of lung homogenate and BALF was also significantly increased in the 24th hour postinjury.In addition,the relationship between PMNs function and lipid peroxidation in the plasma and the lungs was discussed.

Respiratory distress syndrome was produced in dogs with the combination of oleic acid injection and gunshot wounding,and the therapeutic effects of naloxone(NAD and positive end expiratory pressure ventilation(PEEP)were assessed with the examinations of macropatholo-gy of the lungs,lung water ratio.respiratory rate(RR)and blood gas analysis.It was found that RR was rapidly and significantly increased tPaO2 decreased and Qs/Qt increased and there was severe pulmonary hemorrhage,edema and atelectasis in the controls after injury.NAL treatment could slightly alleviate the increase of RR and prevent the early of PaCO2,but it had no effects on the changes of PaO2,Qs/Qt and increase pulmonary hemorrhage,edema and atelectasis.PEEP could improve the decrease of PaO2 and the increase of Qs/Qt and prevent pulmonary atelectasis and alveolar edema from occurring,but it could not significantly stop the increase of lung water ratio.

Objective To explore the efficacy of intratympanic dexamethasone injection in treating acute low-frequency hearing loss(ALHL).Methods Thirty-seven ALHL cases not responsive to intravenous dexamethasone and vasodilator medications were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups.In the treatment group,dexamethasone was injected intratympanically once per day to 18 cases for a seven-day history with unilateral ALHL and 1 case with bilateral ALHL.In the control group,18 cases with unilateral ALHL were given intravenous vasodilator medications for 7 days.All patients were followed up for 1～ 2 years.Results In the treatment group with unilateral ALHL,8 cases achieved complete recovery,7 cases achieved partial recovery and no change was observed in the other 3 cases.The efficiency was 83.3 %.2 cases showed recurrent low-frequency hearing loss during the follow-up period.One case with bilateral ALHL did not respond to the treatment and no recurrence was observed.No side effect was observed in the study.In the control group,3 cases completely recovered,5 cases partially recovered and 10 cases showed no improvement.The efficiency was 44.4%.5 cases recurred and one of them progressed to Meniere's disease.There was a statistically significant difference in efficiency of patients with unilateral ALHL between two groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion Intratympanic dexamethasone application was an effective and safe treatment option for ALHL.

Risk of radiation limits the use of radioactive isotopes in humans and the use the stable isotopes increases. The improvement of the mass spectrometers has resulted in the development of a variety of approaches for measuring rates of protein synthesis.Currently, two methods (constant infusion method and flooding method)have been extensively used.

The paper gives an account of the basic methods for assessing the intrinsic quality of patient nursing by nursing procedures. These include: ①monitoring the accuracy of nursing assessment via evaluating the integrity of patients health; ②evaluating the soundness of nursing diagnosis via analyzing and judging the individuality of patients; ③evaluating the rationality of nursing goals and the appropriateness and operability of nursing measures through patients changes in behavior, function, cognition and emotion; and ④evaluating the timeliness and cyclicity of nursing result assessment through the improvement of patients overall conditions. The paper also analyses the problems involved in employing nursing procedures and countermeasures, pointing out that timely transformation of the nursing management model can markedly enhance the intrinsic quality of nursing.

Sepsis causes marked derangements in the flow of glutamine among organs.During sepsis,skeletal muscle exhibits increase in glutamine release which is associated with a significant increase in endogenous glutamine biosynthesis.However, the release rates exceed that of synthesis.The liver appears to be the major organ of glutamine uptake,the bowel displays a decrease in glutamine utilization and the cells of the immune system are also major glutamine consumers.

Objective To investigate the signal regulatory mechanism of expression of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulated neurons of hypothalamic slices in rats in vitro . Methods Model of hypothalamic slices of rats was established. After CRH stimulatation of corticotropin releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CRH1R) of hypothalamic slices in rats in vitro , the changes of activity of protein kinase A (PKA) signal passway were observed by immunocytochemical method and Western blotting. The relationship between the changes and CRH mRNA expression was also observed. Results CRH could cause the remarkable increase in phosphorylated PKA, phosphorylated CREB, and CRH content in hypothalamic slices in rats. However, CPl54526 or H89 could have significant inhibitory effect on the synthesis of P PKA, P CREB, and CRH. Conclusion PKA signal passway can regulate the ultrashort positive feedback of CRH secretion in the rat hypothalamus in stress due to severe trauma.

Objective To study the protective effects of low frequency electric stimulation at bilateral mastoid processes on the focal cerebral lesion induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Methods Focal cerebral ischemia in rats was produced by 2 hours of the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 24 hours reperfusion. The neurological deficits scale was used to evaluate and screen the rats for tests. The cerebral water content was determined by wet/dry weighing method. The infarct volume was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining technique and image analysis instrument. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in ischemic tissue of brain were analyzed. Results Compared with the control group, the severity of cerebral edema in the treatment group, apart from the emergency group,was lessened(P