Chitin/Chitosan oligomers were prepared by the concentrated hydrochloric acid or enzymatic hydrolysis with chitinase and chitosanase and its transglycosylation reaction. Their preparation,isolation and analytical methods are reviewed.

BACKGROUNDTo study the association between psychosocial factors and the development of lung cancer.

METHODSCase-control matched study was employed in the study. A standardized life event, social support and defense mechanisms interview was administered respectively. Total 118 lung cancer patients who were diagnosed pathologically were chosen as case group, and 118 matched healthy people were as control group. The pair had the same gender, the same race, and the same occupation, and lived in the same area, and the age difference between the two groups was ±3 years.

RESULTSUnivariate analysis showed that smoking, defect of sleeping, alcohol consuming, smoking and drinking during meal, preserved food consuming, irregularity of life increased the risk of lung cancer development (P < 0.05). The scores of life events, social support had no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05), but the scores of stress life events was higher in cancer group than that in control group. The immature factors of defense mechanisms in cancer group were higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). Multiple qualified logistic regression showed that smoking and defect of sleeping were the main risk factors of lung cancer genesis.

CONCLUSIONSThere is certain association between psychosocial factors and lung cancer development. The immature defensive factor is the psychosocial factor of lung cancer genesis, and smoking, defect of sleeping, alcohol consuming, smoking and drinking during meal, preserved food consuming, irregularity of life are the risk factors of lung cancer.

Objective Nowdays,infants with low age,low weight and complicated symptoms are appropriate candidates for cardiac surgery of congenital heart disease.However,surgical strike and multiorgan immaturity have already increased the difficulty of postoperative care.With invasive assessments,we can just assess the real-time condition.But noninvasive assess ment has been proved the positive correlations between the assessment and postoperative outcomes.Therefore,surgeons and intensivists modify treatment in insidious onset,prevent the exacerbation and improve the long-term survival rate.

Lycophytes and seed plants constitute the typical vascular plants. Lycophytes have been thought to have no paleo-polyploidization although the event is known to be critical for the fast expansion of seed plants. Here, genomic analyses including the homologous gene dot plot analysis detected multiple paleo-polyploidization events, with one occurring approximately 13-15 million years ago (MYA) and another about 125-142 MYA, during the evolution of the genome of Selaginella moellendorffii, a model lycophyte. In addition, comparative analysis of reconstructed ancestral genomes of lycophytes and angiosperms suggested that lycophytes were affected by more paleo-polyploidization events than seed plants. Results from the present genomic analyses indicate that paleo-polyploidization has contributed to the successful establishment of both lineages-lycophytes and seed plants-of vascular plants.
Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Plant ; Genomics ; Phylogeny ; Polyploidy ; Selaginellaceae/genetics*