The history of life sciences has displayed that Interdisciplinary contributes to the development of life sciences.It also causes people to think dialectically,what is regarded as the development of Interdisciplinary,what is its drive causes,what is the rule of its development.By exploring the developing trend of scientific and interdisciplinary science,we have fully discussed how to train the Cross-talents.

Abnormal cell signal transduction is associated with the occurrence and development of human diseases. Some virus pathogenicity and infection mechanism are due to virus antigen protein acting on the host cell signal transduction pathway, leading to host cell signal transduction disorder. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major pathogen of chronic hepatitis C, which causes cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. But the pathogenesis of HCV and persistent infection mechanism remain far from clear. HCV pathogenesis may be related to the HCV protein expression interfering host cell signal transduction pathways. The studies of hepatitis C virus proteins acting on host cell signal transduction pathways, not only help to clarify the impact of its pathogenic mechanisms, but also benefit to new drug design and development for new treatment methods. This article summarizes the recent progress in research on the effect of hepatitis C virus protein in cell signal transduction pathways in the past few years.

Objective To establish a tree shrew model of Fusarium solani keractitis by injecting Fusarium solani conidia into the corneal stroma.Methods Fusarium solani was inoculated into Sabouraud culture medium and incubated at 26℃ for 7 days.Fungal suspension was collected and the number of spores was adjusted to 1 × 1010 CFU /mL on the blood cell count plate.Forty healthy tree shrews were randomly divided into experimental group (n=30) and control group (n=10).In the experimental group, 50 μL of fungal spore suspension was injected into the cornea center with a 29G needle, and 50 μL saline was injected in the control group.The models were evaluated by anterior segment photography, in vivo confocal microscopy, histopathology, and corneal tissue culture.Results The fungal infiltration, the degree of edema of corneal epithelial and endothelial cells, and the number of mycelium were positively correlated with time.The number of infiltrating inflammatory cells, mainly, neutrophils, reached a peak on the 7th day after modeling.The mycelial growth was parallel to the stromal fibers.After the successful establishment of the model, the corneal tissue culture showed the growth of Fusarium solani.The successful rate of modeling was 86%.Conclusions The tree shrew model of Fusarium solani keratitis is established by injecting spores of Fusarium solani into the cornea.

Objective To establish a real-time quantitative PCR ( qPCR) method for detection of Streptobacillus moniliformis, which can be used to rapidly detect this pathogen in laboratory animals .Method According to the S. moniliformis sequences published in NCBI , we designed specific primers and MGB probe .The specificity, sensitivity and stability of this method were evaluated using 24 standard reference strains .Total of 823 respiratory specimens of animals including mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, Mongolian gerbils and tree shrews , were detected by this established Taqman MGB qPCR method .Results We had successfully established the S.moniliformis Taqman MGB qPCR method . S.moniliformis was not detected in the samples of mice , rats, guinea pigs, hamsters and rabbits.The positive rate of S. moniliformis was 1.5% ( 1/65 ) and 61.7% ( 37/60 ) in conventional Mongolian Gerbils and tree shrews , respectively . Conclusions Our developed qPCR method can be used to effectively detect S.moniliformis in laboratory animals .Moreover , its accuracy and sensitivity are better than the national standard method .This study laid the foundations for optimizing the quality inspection system of laboratory animals .

Parkinson's disease(PD)is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with an etiology that is now considered to be due to interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Typical PD features include loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal region, with typical motor traits of PD associated with dopamine deficiency. Animal models have contributed to determining PD etiology and pathogenesis,as well as testing new therapeutic schedules and novel drug research. Rodents, tree shrews, primates, and other animal models of PD have been established by different method. These models each have their own advantages and limitations, showing different clinical features and pathological mechanisms to those in humans. Therefore, the appropriate model for scientific research must be carefully considered. This article reviews the main neurotoxic and transgenic models of PD.

Objective To investigate the infection status of Toxoplasma gondii in different colonies of tree shrews and then provide the basis for parasitological monitoring .Methods Each of the forty blood samples were randomly collected from three tree shrews colonies : wild origin, domesticated and first generation, respectively.Both indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) and PCR assay were used to detect the Toxoplasma gondii.Results No positive sample of Toxoplasma gondii was detected from either IHA or PCR results .The results from IHA and PCR assays were in coincidence with each other.Conclusions According to the survey none of the tree shrews from the three groups is infected with Toxoplasma gondii.More samples or infection experiments are needed to determine whether tree shrews can be infected with Toxoplasma gondii.

Objective To isolate and identify viruses from fecal samples of tree shrew with diarrhea.Methods Fecal sample supernatant of tree shrew with diarrhea was inoculated to three cell lines ( Vero, LLC-MK2 and KMB17 ) , and the cytopathic effects on the cells were observed.The infectious particles in the culture supernatant were further ana-lyzed by transmission electron microscopy ( TEM) , genomic RNA-PAGE, rotavirus detection kit, amplification of S1 com-plete segment and bioinformatics analysis.Results Constant cytopathic effects were induced in Vero, LLC-MK2 and KMB17 cell lines after three passages of culture.The results from TEM, RNA-PAGE and rotavirus analysis indicated that they belong to reoviruses.Analysis of the S1 segments revealed that the S1 sequence from KMB17 cell culture had the high-est homology with that of prototype isolate T1L (85%nucleotide homology and 90%amino acid homology), therefore this isolate was named as type I reovirus.The other two S1 sequences from LLC-MK2 and Vero cell culture were identical to have 85%nucleotide homology and 92%amino acid homology with the prototype isolate T3D, named as type III reovirus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates in this study are evolutionally adapted to tree shrews.Conclusions It is the first report here that 2 genotypes of Tupaia orthoreovirus are isolated and identified from one fecal sample via three cell lines and viral S1-specific primers, which provides useful guidelines for the isolation and identification of other reoviruses from tree shrew or other hosts.

Objective To study the isolation,culture, adipogenic and osteogenic induction Tupaia bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BM-MSCs).Method The BM-MSCs from tupaia were isolated and expended by combination of gradient centrifugation and adherence culture , then subcultured and observed for morphology under inverted phase contrast microscope.BM-MSCs were induced to adipocytes .and osteoblasts in vitro Result Cells were spindle or triangle-shaped, and clone proliferation .Cells were successfully induced into adipocytes .and osteoblasts Conclusions The method of isolation BM-MSCs from tupaia by combination of gradient centrifugation and adherence culture is simple and feasible , BM-MSCs have differentiation potential into adipocytes and osteoblasts .

Objective To establish a reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction ( RT-nPCR ) assay for detection of tree shrews orthoreovirus (TRV).Methods Three strains of TRV were respectively isolated from fresh feces of three tree shrews that came from the same field at different times .We designed and synthesized two pairs of MRV L1 gene nested primers and established the system of RT-nPCR.The TRV RNA was extracted and reversely transcribed to cDNA as a template for nested-PCR amplification.The developed RT-nPCR was optimized.The specificity and sensitivity were tested.Finally, the RT-nPCR was used to detect TRV in 25 tree shrew samples.Results Taking the genomic RNA of TRV as template, the RT-nPCR was able to amplify a specific fragment band targeting the L 1 gene, while there were no target bands in the normal cell control , ( Wa strain rotavirus , hepatitis A virus , and herpes simplex virus ) .The RNA of TRV was diluted by 1:10 to 1:109 .Each dilution sample was analyzed by the RT-nPCR.The minimum detectable concentration of RNA was 0.01 pg/μL.The results of RT-nPCR detection showed that 4 of the 15 tree shrews were TRV-positive in the survival group , and 10 of 10 tree shrews were TRV-positive in the death group . Conclusions The RT-nRCR assay established in this study is accurate , specific and sensitive .Therefore, it can be used for routine detection of TRV in quality assurance testing .

Objective To understand the histological characteristics of the major endocrine organs of tree shrew , and provide a normal histological atlas of endocrine organs of tree shrew .Methods Ten artificially fed healthy tree shrews were killed and dissected after anesthesia .The thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands were observed by gross inspection and samples were taken for routine histological examination with HE staining .Results ( 1 ) The thyroid gland was pale yellow, located on both sides of the 2-4 tracheal rings.The thyroid gland was plate-shaped, its surface was covered with a thin fibrous capsule . The thyroid parenchyma was divided into several lobules by stretched capsule membrane .Follicular and parafollicular cells were distributed in the lobules , and red colloid was present in follicular cavity.(2) Each side had one parathyroid , located on the cranial or the outer surface of the middle part of the thyroid gland, and was slightly covered by thyroid .The gland was round or oval , and its parenchyma was made up of the principal cells and eosinophil cells , and acinar structure appeared in the parenchyma .( 3 ) The adrenal glands were oval , yellow color, located in the renal hili , and linked to the kidneys .They were surrounded by a thin capsule .The parenchyma was divided into cortex and medulla .The cortex was divided into zona glomerulosa , zona fasciculata and zona reticularis from outside to inside.The zona glomerulosa was the thickest layer and the zona fasciculata was the thinnest .The medulla cells formed clumps or mesh, with central vein in the central part .(4) The pituitary gland was located in the sella turcica , with no recessus hypophysis .The pituitary gland was composed of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis .Its surface was covered with a connective tissue capsule .The pituitary gland was divided into distal part , middle part and pars tuberalis . neurohypophysis was made up of neural and pars infundibularis .Conclusions The histological atlas of endocrine organs in the tree shrew is established , which is close to that of the primate animals in the morphology , and provide histological evidence for the study of tree shrew endocrine organs and disorders , as well as the animal model of human diseases .