OBJECTIVETo analyze the changes in CIE L*, a*, and b* at cervical, body, and incisal sites after tooth bleaching by using a spectrophotometer.

METHODSSixty-seven intact and healthy maxillary central incisors were in-vestigated. These incisors were darker than A3 according to the Vita Classical shade guide. The CIE tooth shade parameters L*, a*, and b* were simultaneously recorded at three tooth areas (cervical, body, and incisal) with a spectrophotometer before and after tooth bleaching (35%H2O2 coordinating with Beyond whitening accelerator irradiating). The shade dif-ferential (DeltaE) was calculated. ANOVA, paired t-test, and Pearson correlation analysis were used for data analysis.

RESULTSThe efficacy rates of tooth bleaching were satisfactory, with 86.6%, 86.6%, and 85.1% in the cervical, body, and incisal sites, respectively. The average values of DeltaE were 5.09, 4.44, and 4.40 in the cervical, body, and incisal sites. Tooth bleaching significantly increased L* and significantly decreased a* and b* in all tooth areas (P < 0.01). The decreasing range of Deltab* was more than the increasing range of DeltaL* at the cervical site; opposite results were observed at the incisal site. A positive correlation was detected between baseline b* and DeltaE.

CONCLUSIONThe spectrophotometer could objectively evaluate the whitening effect of tooth bleaching at the different tooth sites. The tooth bleaching system (35%H202 coordinating with Beyond whitening accelerator irradiating) exerts powerful bleaching actions in most of the tooth areas investigated. The order of tooth bleaching effectiveness is cervicalbody>incisal. Yellow coloration is decreased mainly at the cervical site, and brightness was increased mostly at theincisal site. The effectiveness of tooth bleaching increases as the baseline b* value increases.

ObjectiveTo investigate the significance of hearing screening combined with gene screening for neonates with high-risk of hearing impairment.MethodsNeonates admitted to the Neonatal Department of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital between July 2013 and June 2014 were enrolled in this study. They were divided into high-risk group (with high-risk for hearing impairment) (n=3 129), and control group (n=5 106). Neonate hearing screening was carried out using otoacoustic emission and automated auditory brainstem response. Blood samples were collected using a standard protocol for detecting the mutations of four common deafness genes, includingGJB2,GJB3,SLC26A4 and mitochondrial 12s rRNA.Chi-square test was used to compare the differences of the pass rate of hearing screening and positive rate of gene mutations between the two groups.ResultsThe rates of failure on otoacoustic emission, automated auditory brainstem response or both in the high-risk group were 11.92% (373/3 129), 10.32% (323/3 129) and 4.83% (151/3 129), respectively, higher than those in the control group [5.03%(257/5 106), 6.56%(335/5 106) and 2.02% (103/5 106)] (χ2=130.265, 37.354 and 51.196, allP=0.000). In the high-risk group, the overall positive rate of gene mutations was 5.63% (176/3 129), and theGJB2 andSLC26A4 gene mutation rates were 3.04% (95/3 129) and 2.40% (75/3 129)], all higher than the control group [3.15% (161/5 106), 2.04% (104/5 106) and 1.06% (54/5106)] (χ2=30.301, 8.216 and 22.517, allP<0.01). But the mitochondria 12S rRNA gene andGJB3 gene mutation rates were the same in high-risk group and control group [0.19% (6/3 129) vs 0.06% (3/5 106); 0.03% (1/3 129) vs 0.00%(0/5 106), bothP>0.05]. The rates of failure on otoacoustic emission and automated auditory brainstem response of the neonates with deafness gene mutations were 9.50% (32/337) and 10.39% (35/337), respectively, higher than the neonates without [1.14% (90/7 898) and 1.29% (102/7 898)] (χ2=154.621 and 163.399, both P=0.000).ConclusionCombined hearing screening is of clinical significance for neonates with high-risk of hearing impairment.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic AMP ; metabolism ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Rats ; Substance P ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVE To study the clinical characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis(IPA).METHODS Based on the clinical data from 14 IPA cases identified by pathologic examination in the 454th Hospital,the characteristics of IPA were discussed,including the underlying diseases,symptoms,X-ray,CT,the treatment methods and the curative effect.The related literatures were also reviewed.RESULTS All of the 14 patients had underlying diseases.From them 5 were with pulmonary cancer(35.7%),3 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(21.4%),2 with pulmonary abscess(14.3%),2 were after chemotherapy for leukemia(14.3%),1 with pulmonary tuberculosis(7.1%)and 1 with diabetes(7.1%).The common symptoms of the 14 cases were febricity,productive cough and hemoptysis.Some of them also suffered with short of breath,night sweat,fatigue,chest pain and losing weight.The air crescent sign showed on X-ray and CT.Soft tissue masses with halo-sign on the margin,dense shadow of small masses within the alveoli,and multi-nodular shadows were also observed.Among 10 patients treated by antifungal medications,only 4 treated otherwise with operation were cured,4 patients died,and 2 patients did not complete the treatment scheme.CONCLUSIONS The patients with immunodeficiency are susceptible to IPA.The clinical manifestations of IPA are non-specific.The final diagnosis depends on the pathologic examination.The only medication is not sufficient for IPA patients.Pulmonary resection should be considered if the prolonged illness or frequent hemoptysis exist.

Objective Preoperative autologous blood donation(PABD) can reduce the demand of allogeneic blood transfusion and its safety in obstetrical application has been proved.The article aimed to explore the effects of PABD on reducing allogeneic blood transfusion in pregnant women with placenta previa and the optimal PABD volume for implanted placenta.Methods Retrospective analysis were made on 156 cases with placenta previa hospitalized in our hospital from January 2015 to April 2016, including 78 cases with placenta implantation.According to the volume of PABD, the cases were classified into no PABD group, 300~400mL PABD group, and 600ml PABD group.Data of postpartum hemorrhage volume and allogeneic blood transfusion after delivery were collected to analyze the effectiveness of PABD in reducing the need for allogeneic blood transfusion during pregnancy.Results The hemorrhage volume during the delivery of all 156 patients with placenta previa was 230-5670mL (median 985ml), the rate of severe postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) was 49.4% (77/156), and the rate of allogeneic blood transfusion was 33.3% (52/156).In patients who had no PABD, the rate of allogeneic blood transfusion was 48.2% (40/83).However, this rate dropped down to 16.4% in PABD patients (12/73)(χ2=17.624,P<0.001).The rate of allogeneic blood transfusion in patients was different according to the situation of placenta planting, 43.3% in patients with no placenta plantingand 53.8% in patients with placenta planting.600ml autologous blood could meet all the needs for blood transfusion if there was no placenta implantation.300-400mL PABD could meet the needs of more than 80% patients.11.2%-13.3% of ABD patients might need allogeneic blood transfusion in addition to autologous blood.However, the amount of allogeneic RBC and FFP per capita reduced.Conclusion Patients with placenta previa is in high risk of PPH and PABD can improve their medical safety by reducing the rate and volume of the allogeneic blood transfusion.The strategy of 300-400mL PABD during pregnancy are recommended if there is no contraindication.

Objective:To analyze the job preference of doctors at township health center ( THC) and provide references for formulating effective policy. Methods:238 cases of doctors were sampled from Shandong, Anhui and Shaanxi provinces. Using a discrete choice experiment, we analyzed the data with a conditional logit model. Results:The most important job attribution was salary, followed by education for children, permanent post, work location, training opportunity, and years before promotion. The OR value of the monthly income of 8 000 yuan is 7. 0 compared to 2 000 yuan. Doctors will pay 3 857 yuan and 3 294 yuan respectively for better education for children and perma-nent posts. Monthly income increasing to 8 000 yuan will reduce the quitting rate from 35% to 8%, and providing better education for children and permanent posts will reduce 5%. The permanent posts at township health center and non-permanent posts in county hospital have the same appeal to the doctor. Conclusion:When choosing a job, doc-tors at THCs valued salary the most. Improving the education level for children can be beneficial for attracting and re-taining doctors at THCs. A permanent post is more attractive to doctors than non-permanent posts at THCs.

BACKGROUND:Cholesterol is closely linked to the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis. Current approaches to study celular cholesterol dynamics have their own limitations.
OBJECTIVE: To measure the cholesterol efflux rate of RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages by BODIPY-Cholesterol labeling and to explore the effects of extracelular cholesterol and lipopolysaccharide on the cholesterol efflux rate.
METHODS:RAW 264.7 cels were cultured in vitro with DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum, and labeled with BODIPY-Cholesterol for 1, 2, 4, 8 hours. Then, the cels were rinsed with serum-free DMEM and inoculated for 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 hours to optimize the labeling time and incubation time. We measured and compared the cholesterol efflux rates after cultured cels were treated with cholesterol, lipopolysaccharide, human sera with high cholesterol or human sera with normal cholesterol.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The best labeling time for BODIPY-Cholesterol was 2-8 hours. Cholesterol efflux rates were gradualy decreased after the cels that were labeled for 2 hours were incubated with increasing concentrations of cholesterol (0.1, 0.5, 2.5 mmol/L,P< 0.01). Treating cels with lipopolysaccharide also decreased the cholesterol efflux rate (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the cholesterol efflux rate was decreased after cels were treated with human sera with high cholesterol (P< 0.05). These findings indicate that BODIPY-Cholesterol can be used to measure celular cholesterol efflux rate and to study the effects of extracelular cholesterol and lipopolysaccharide on the cholesterol efflux rate.

Objective To investigate the effect of emergency case video segmentally introduction combining with simulation in cultivation of undergraduate nursing students′skills of trauma management. Methods A group of 55 undergraduate nursing students, recruited in the control group from September 2013 to April 2014, were instructed by traditional teaching method, the trauma management skill was delivered by lecture, video and group based practice. Another 50 undergraduate nursing students, recruited in the observation group from September 2014 to April 2015, were located in the simulation group, while the key point of trauma management was segmentally introduced by emergency case video, the skill of trauma management was delivered by lecture and video, a multiple injury case scenario was used for group practice. The score of the practice test and the evaluation of the teaching were compared among the two groups. Results The students in observation group demonstrated more skilled trauma management compared with that in the control group (90.42±8.50 vs. 84.68±8.77, t=3.56, P<0.05). The students in observation group presented significantly higher satisfaction with the teaching, improving study interesting 93.33%(56/60), promoting the theory knowledge deepen 91.67%(55/60), improving the ability of thinking and observation 95.00% (57/60/) , improving the ability of analyzing and solving problems 100.00% (60/60), enhancing the ability of independent learning 96.67%(58/60), while in the control group, they were 76.36%(42/55), 69.09%(38/55), 65.45%(36/55), 69.09%(38/55) and 80.00%(44/55), the differences between the two groups were significant (χ2 =2.30-4.40, P < 0.05). Conclusions Application of emergency case video segmentally introduction combining with simulation provided more opportunity to the undergraduate nursing students to apply relevant knowledge in analyzing and dealing with trauma cases, which contributes to the improvement of undergraduate nursing students′ skills of trauma management.

Four specific salt-tolerant fungi for dissolving phosphate rock (FM) w ere isolated from the coastal saline soils. It was found that the biomass and a b ility to release phosphate from the materials decreased with increasing of the N aCl content. During pH7.0～8.5, the biomass and ability of to release phospho rus from the materials of FM1 decreased sharply with pH rising, but the FM2 and FM4 decreased not considerably, optimal pH for FM3 was at pH8.5. At pH9.0, the bi oma ss and ability of to release phosphorus from the materials decreased quickly. F M2 was stable at alkaline and high salt content condition.

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of Tetramethylpyrazine and Buthus martensi on children with cerebral daminfication syndrome.Methods39 cases with cerebral daminfication syndrome were randomly divided into the study group (18 cases, treated with Tetramethylpyrazine and Buthus martensi) and control group (21 cases, treated only with general nerve nutrition therapy). The curative effect of two groups was evaluated.ResultsAfter treatment, in the study group, 11 cases were cured, 4 cases more effective, 1 case efficacy, 2 cases inefficacy; in the control group, the numbers were 6 cases, 9 cases, 3 cases and 3 cases respectively. There was a significant difference between two groups (P<0.05). There was not side effect in all cases.ConclusionTetramethylpyrazine and Buthus martensi is safe and effective to treat children with cerebral daminfication syndrome.