Pharmacogenomics aims to identify the effects of genomie variants on drug efficacy and safety. This article summarized the progress of pharmacogenomic study on anti-diabetic drugs.

Objective To investigate the clinical rating scale appropriate to evaluate neurological impairment of ischemic stroke subtypes classified by Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria. Methods 289 cases of hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke in neurological wards of the first affiliated hospital of Dalian medical university from December 1,2007 to December 31, 2009 were analyzed prospectively. Results The component ratio of ischemic stroke subtypes on the basis of TOAST etiological classification were as follows: UND (36.6%) was the largest, SAO (29.8%) followed,OC (1.7%) was the lowest. In three-month mortality, CE (15.5%) was the most, LAA (11.8%) followed, SAO (1.2%) was the lowest. In three-month relapse rate, LAA (17.6%) was the most, CE (8.6%) followed, SAO (2.4%) was the lowest. The best validity of scale assessment about LAA, CE,UND, SAO subtypes were MESSS (-0.812), ESS (0.816), NIHSS (-0.807), NIHSS (-0.795) respectively, both reliability and operability were set as medium. Conclusion In ischemic stroke subtypes classified by TOAST criteria, UND had the highest incidence (SAO has the highest incidence in the specific etiology), CE mortality was the highest, LAA had the highest rate of recurrence, SAO mortality and relapse rate were the lowest. In ischemic stroke subtypes classified by TOAST criteria, MESSS was the most suitable scale for LAA, the most appropriate scale for CE was ESS, the most appropriate scale for UND, and the SAO was NIHSS.

Upper extremities dysfunction seriously impacted quality of life and independent self-care ability in patients after stroke. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation has been proved to be an effective method for upper extremities dysfunction rehabilitation. Clini-cians focused to select the proper therapeutic method according to the patient's specific condition to accelerate the upper limb rehabilitation. This article summarized the clinical application researches of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in stroke patients with upper ex-tremities dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is a kind of non-articular rheumatism,manifested as pain and stiffness in various parts of body, associated with sleep disturbance, fatigue, etc. But, the therapeutic effects of common therapies are not satisfactory.OBJECTIVE: To compare dermal neurological electric stimulation and electric acupuncture with routine medication and explore the therapeutic effects on fibromyalgia syndrome (FS).DESIGN: Randomized controlled experiment was designed, in which the patients were taken as the objects in observation.SETTING: First and Third Hospital Affiliated to Xinxiang Medical College.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 66 cases of FS were selected in Clinic of Rehabilitation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College from July 1994 to May 2002, all of which were the followed-up cases.They were randomized as dermal-neurological eleetric stimulation group (DE group), electric acupuncture group (EA group) and medical group, 22cases in each one. The patients were aged varied from42 to 55 years and sick in range from 7 to 13 months.METHODS: ① DE group: FZ-1 low-frequency pulsating apparatus was used. Two pairs of electrodes were attached to two pairs of main points that were near to the most distinct pain points and another pair was attached to 1 pair of supplementary points. Continuous wave was selected, pulsating width was 6-150 ms, high frequency 100 Hz and 15 minutes later,changed to low frequency 2 Hz, for another 15 minutes, intensity about (14±3) mA, once/d, continuously for 20 days as one session, totally 2 sessions were required. 4-day rest was demanded between two sessions. ② EA group: No.28 filiform needle was used to be inserted on the points deeply,after qi arrival; G-6805 electric apparatus was applied on the points. Point selection, operation and time 9f treatment were same as DE group. ③ Medical group: Oryzanol and Vit B1 were administrated orally, 30 mg/tablet,3 times a day. Amitriptyline was administrated, 10 mg every day at beginning, increased by 10 mg every day till to 20-30 mg. It was taken orally once before sleep, totally for 45 days.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Comparison of therapeutic effects on analgesia in each group. ② Comparisons of follow-up visits of cured cases and cases with remarkable effects in 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment.RESULTS: Totally 66 cases all entered the result analysis. ① Comparison of total effective rate of analgesia: The rates in DE group and EA group were higher significantly than medical group (100% ,95.5% ,68.2%;X2=18.03,17.27,P ＜ 0.01). ② Comparison of recurrence rate: The rates in DE group and EA group in 24 months after treatment were lower remarkably than medical group (7.1%,6.1%,50.0%;X2=7.01,6.91 ;P ＜ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both dermal electric stimulation and electric acupuncture present strong analgesia and low recurrence rate. Dermal neurological electric stimulation on acupoints is a kind of non-traumatic method in treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome.

Objective To observe the effect of electroacupuncture on hand dysfunction after stroke. Methods Forty hemiplegic patients after stroke were selected from a multi-center large-scale trail, belonged to rehabilitation group (n=20) and electroacupuncture group (n=20), who accepted routine rehabilitation and additional electroacupuncture, respectively, for six weeks. They were assessed with Brunnstrom Grade, Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and modified Barthel index (MBI) before treatment, two, four and six weeks during treatment, and twelve weeks after treatment. Results There were differences between two groups in scores of FMA, WMFT and total time to complete WMFT twelve weeks after treatment (t>1.900, P<0.05). There was no difference between two groups in scores of MBI and Brunnstrom Grade (t=0.532, Z<1.79, P>0.05), but electroacupuncture group seemed to improve more. Conclusion Elec-troacupuncture may improve the muscle strength for patients in flaccid paralysis, and promote the recovery of hand function for patients af-ter stroke.

Based on some physiological events and two kinds of function, assistive and rehabilitative, brain-computer interface gives re-al-time, multi-sensor feedbacks to assist hand function, modulating patients' brain signals by the closed loop proprioceptive feedback. It can improve cerebral plasticity and remodeling, that comes a novel approach to hand rehabilitaion after stroke.

Upper limb lymphedema is one of the most common complications secondary to breast cancer surgery. Detailed medical his-tory inquiry, careful physical examination, and precise and objective measurement are indispensable to accurately diagnose and evaluate up-per limb lymphedema. The mostly widely used objective assessments include circumference and volume measurement, bioimpedance for de-tection of fluid state and all kinds of lymphatic system imaging techniques.

?Boston Type l keratoprosthesis is currently widely used. ln this article, the indication, number of cases, best-corrected visual acuity ( BCVA ) , retention, and complications in all the international published case reports will be sum up; then the main post-operative complications and their respective treatments one by one, which include retrospective membrane, glaucoma, infection will be introduced.

In plant genetic engineering, selectable marker is needed to distinguish transformant. As the commercialization of transgenic plants, people are more and more paying close attention to their safety, among which mainly refers to the safety of selectable marker. In order to increase the safety of transgenic plants, biologists began to search for biosafe selectable marker.Current research progress of taking key enzyme in metabolic pathways were overviewed,which include glycometabolism, amino acid metabolism, hormone metabolism ,nucleotide metabolism and protein metabolism et cetera, as selectable marker in transgenic plants.

The main function of interstitial cells of Cajal(ICCs) is to produce the gastrointestinal slow-wave electric potential,to impel the propagation of electric potential,and to participate in the transmission of neural signal.The decrease or abnormal distribution of ICCs would lead to gastrointestinal inflammation easily.Meanwhile,as the gastrointestinal inflammation happens,inflammatory cells and mediators also can reduce the number of ICCs.