Partial nephrectomy (PN) enables surgeons to obtain both radical resection of renal tumor and maximal preservation of normal kidney,which brings benefits on survival time and life quality for patients with early stage kidney cancer.Nevertheless,how to select the patients suitable for PN still remains a clinical challenge.In this article,by analyzing the domestic and overseas application status of PN,we summarized the advantages and disadvantages of PN for patients at different stages as well as difficulties and risks in PN on complicated renal tumor.The appropriate surgical indications could benefit more patients with kidney cancer through PN.

Objective This study is to explore the safety,feasibility and efficacy of robotic laparoendoscopic single-site(LESS) zero-ischemia partial nephrectomy.Methods Two patients underwent robotic laparoendoscopic single-site zero-ischemia partial nephrectomy by our urologic surgical team at 22-May-2017 and 31-May-2017 in our institution.The salient patient demographics and tumor characteristics,including age,gender,body mass index (kg/m2),Charlson Co-morbidity Index (Age-weighted),tumor laterality,diameter (cm),R.E.N.A.L.nephrometry score and preoperative split renal function GFR [ml/(min · 1.73 m2)] were:73/56,female/male,25.2/19.8,2/0,lcft/right,1.8/1.4,5a/4a,left 43.8、right 49.2/left 38.8 、right 48.7 respectively.A 2-3 cm longitudinal skin incision was made at 4 cm below the inferior margin of rib arch at the level of midaxillary line (case NO.1) or peri-umbilicus (case NO.2).The da Vinci Si robotic Single-siteTM Port was inserted.The line of Toldt was incised with the colon medially mobilized.Gerota's fascia was opened,the main renal artery or its branches were dissected,then the renal mass fully dissected and exposed.The renal mass was entirely removed with approximately 0.5-1.0 cm surrounding normal renal parenchyma (unclamping in case NO.1,and selective branch clamping in case NO.2) and kidney reconstruction was conducted with 1-0 Quill Suture via hem-o-lock sliding technique.Results The two procedures were smoothly completed without any extra skin incision.Operative duration,estimated blood loss and skin incision length was respectively 230/190 min,100/60 ml,3.6/2.5 cm.Duration of two selective renal artery branches clamping in case NO.2 was 39 and 24 min.Postoperative pain measured by the visual analog pain scale (VASP) at day 1,day 2,day 3 was 5/4,3/3,2/1,Time off oral intake,duration of drainage and length of stay after surgery was 2/4 d、2/4 d、6/7d,respectively.The recovery of both patients were uncomplicated and discharged smoothly.Pathological examination revealed oncocytoma in case NO.1 and papillary renal cell carcinoma in case NO.2.Conclusions The initial experience shows the robotic laparoendoscopic single-site zero-ischemia partial nephrectomy is a safe,feasible and efficacious procedure.It may exhibit clinical benefits for patients in terms of pain control,convalescence and cosmesis,but in this early stage the clinical indications should be strictly controlled.

Objective To investigate the role and possible mechanism of Chemokine receptor CXCR4 in the drug resistance of sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma.Methods 786-O cells were inoculated into the anterior sciatic region of nude mice subcutaneously,5 × 106 cells per point.The mice were given normal saline and sorafenib intragastric (80 mg/kg,1 time/day) when the transplanted tumor volume reached about 100 mm3.The tumor volume in the saline group was more than 1 500 mm3 at the 5th week,and the tumor was taken as the control tissue.Sorafenib group tumors started to grow accelerately at week 8,and the tumor volume was more than 1 500 mm3 at week 13.The 13th week tumors were used as resistant tissue.The expression of CXCR4 in control tissues and drug resistant tissues was detected by real-time quantitative PCR,western blotting and immunohistochemistry.The pcDNA3.1-CXCR4 plasmid was constructed and transfected into 786-O cells.The expression of CXCR4 was detected by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting.The drug reactivity of the cells was measured by CCK-8 and monoclonal assay to compare the drug resistance of the control group,CXCR4 overexpression group and CXCR4 overexpression + CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 group.The phosphorylation of PKB,ERK and STAT3 in the control group,the sorafenib alone group,the overexpressing CXCR4 + sorafenib group and the overexpressing CXCR4 + sorafenib + AMD3100 group were deternined by Western blotting.Results Compared with the control tissues,the mRNA levels of CXCR4 in the drug-resistant tissues increased (3.22 ± 0.23) times,and the levels of protein expression increased (2.33 ± 0.47) according to western blotting,the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01).After overexpression of CXCR4,the nRNA expression of CXCR4 increased (78.3 ± 5.3) times,and the protein expression level increased (2.80 ± 0.95) times,and the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01),indicating that the expression model was established successfully.The drug response curves of the control group,CXCR4 overexpression group and CXCR4 overexpression + AMD3100 group on sorafenib were measured by cck8 method,and the ICS0 was (7.5 ±0.8) μmo]/L,(10.3 ±0.7) μmol/L,(5.7 ±0.6) μmol/L,the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05);The numbers of clones formed in the above three groups were 26 ± 5,56 ± 12 and 42 ± 9,respectively.The differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Sorafenib could reduce the phosphorylation of PKB,ERK and STAT3,and overexpression of CXCR4 could reverse the inhibition of phosphatidylation of PKB,ERK and STAT3 by sorafenib.After inhibition of chemokine receptor CXCR4 activity by AMD3100,PKB,ERK,STAT3 phosphorylation was re-suppressed.Conclusions CXCR4 can promote renal cell carcinoma sorafenib resistance.The expression of CXCR4 increased in secondary resistant tumor tissue increased;CXCR4 may promote drug resistance by activating the cell viable pathway.The inhibition of CXCR4 signaling pathway is expected to improve the therapeutic effect of sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma.

There are few reports on the study of extraperitoneal robotic single-port laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in China. In this study, patients with localized prostate cancer were treated with extraperitoneal robotic single-port laparoscopic radical prostatectomy extraperitoneal robot-assisted single-port laparoscopic radical prostatectomy(EpRA-spRP)from April 2019 to June 2019.All patients performed EpRA-spRP successfully without adding additional auxiliary port. The operation time and blood loss were controllable, and hospitalization time was short. It is safe and feasible to perform EpRA-spRP for medium and low-risk prostate cancer. The short-term tumor control and functional recovery are satisfactory.However, the long-term effect needs further follow-up and observation.

Objective To investigate the safety and efficiency of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) for totally intrarenal tumors (TITs).Methods Thirty-eight patients who underwent RAPN for treating TITs by one experienced surgeon were included between August 2012 and December 2017.There were 25 males and 13 females,aged 26-72 years(mean 51.6 years).Tumors of 24 cases were in right kidney,and 14 cases in left kidney.The diameter of tumor was(3.12 ± 0.92) cm,the R.E.N.A.L.score was(9.76 ± 1.00),and the Scr was (74.82 ± 20.32) μmol/L.Patients' peri-operative and oncological outcomes were analyzed.Results All the tumors were successfully resected without conversion to open surgery or radical nephrectomy.Mean operative time and ischemia time were (188.47 ± 46.75) min and (24.32 ± 7.69) min.Mean blood loss was (115.79 ± 43.66) rrd.One-week postoperative Scr was (85.97 ± 28.33) μmol/L.Postoperative hemorrhage was successfully treated by DSA or drug therapy in 3 patients.The pathological examination showed 28 clear cell renal cell carcinomas,3 chromophobe renal cell carcinomas,3 TFE-3 infusion related renal cell carcinomas,2 metanephric adenomas,1 acidophile adenoma and 2 angioleiomyolipomas.One positive surgical margin occurred in RAPN group for cystic components.No evidence of tumor progression observed during follow-up.Conclusions RAPN is safe and effective in treating TITs when performed by an experienced surgeon at a high-volume institution.Further prospective and large-scale study was warranted to evaluate the long-term outcomes.

Objective To compare the operative-postoperative outcomes of laparoscopic and robotassisted partial nephrectomy (LPN and RAPN) for patients with T1 b renal masses.Methods A total of 169 T1 b renal mass patients receiving LPN (n =69) or RAPN (n =100) in our center between October 2009 and October 2017 were retrospectively collected.There were 46 males and 23 females in LPN group,with a mean age of (55.0 ± 11.9) years.The mean tumor size was (5.09 ± 0.76) cm,and mean R.E.N.A.L score was 6.36 ± 1.53.49 procedures (71％) were performed via a retroperitoneal approach in LPN group.There were 59 males and 41 females in RAPN group with a mean age of (52.9 ± 11.7) years.The mean tumor size was(4.95 ±0.66) cm,and mean R.E.N.A.L score was 8.17 ± 1.50.31 procedures (31％)were performed via a retroperitoneal approach in RAPN group.There was statistical significance between two groups in R.E.N.A.L score and surgery approach (P ＜ 0.001).The group covariates were balanced through propensity score matching (PSM) using 1∶ 1 nearest neighbor matching method.After PSM,operating time,estimated blood loss,warm ischemia time,incidence of complications,hospital stay and postoperative follow-up status were compared between LPN(n =36)and RAPN(n =36)group.Results After PSM,patient distributions were closely balanced.In the LPN vs the RAPN group,there were significant different in warm ischemia time [(23.9 ± 7.3) min vs.(20.4 ± 6.7) min,P ＜ 0.05],estimated blood loss [(136.9 ± 80.2) ml vs.(136.9 ± 80.2) ml,P ＜ 0.05],incidence of complications (8.7％ vs.1.0％,P ＜0.05),and hospital stay [(11.5 ±3.8)d vs.(9.8 ± 1.80)d].There was no significant differences resulted regarding operating time [(164.5 ± 64.4) min vs.(169.0 ± 42.5) min,P ＞ 0.05],variation of estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline [(9.97 ± 8.98)％ vs.(9.27 ± 9.19)％,P ＞ 0.05],positive surgical margin rate (1.4％ vs.0,P ＞ 0.05) and rate of recurrence or metastasis (1.4％ vs.1.4％,P ＞ 0.05) between groups.Conclusion Considering operative,functional and oncologic outcomes,both RAPN and LPN performed by an experienced surgeon were acceptable for patients with T1b renal masses.If available,robotic approach may reduce operative trauma and complications.

Objective:To investigate the factors related to the prognosis of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma after bone metastasectomy and to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of renal cell carcinoma.Methods:The clinical data of 143 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in our center from January 2008 to December 2018 were retrospectively collected. Among 143 patients, 121 were male and 22 were female, with the average age of (54.8±12.5) year-old(from 18 to 85 year-old). The KPS scores of 138 patients were no higher than 80%. According to International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk model for metastatic renal cell carcinoma, the patients were divided into intermediate risk group (92 patients) and poor risk group (51 patients). The patients who had received complete resection for both primary lesion and metastatic tumor were regarded as tumor-free (47 patients). Otherwise, the patients with unresectable primary tumor or incomplete resection of the metastatic tumor were defined as the patients surviving conversely bone metastases were the only metastatic site, and the other 57 patients also experienced concomitant metastases comparatively. Sixty-two patients only had solitary bone metastasis lesion and 81 patients had multiple bone metastases. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to calculate the 1-year, 3-year and 5-year survival rate. The impacts of different variables on the prognosis were examined by log-rank test. Univariate analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify the independent risk factors.Results:The median follow-up time was 49.0 months. The overall survival was 1-115 months, with the median OS was 24.0 months. The 1-year, 3-year and 5-year survival rate were 79.2%, 59.4% and 31.6%, respectively. All the patients underwent bone metastasectomy and 72 of them were treated with targeted therapy. The pathology results of metastasectomy were clear cell carcinoma for 132 patients and non-clear cell carcinoma for the 11 patients. In tumor-free group, the median OS was 30.0 months and in survival with tumor group, the median OS was 19.4 months, with a significant difference between the two groups ( P=0.030). In IMDC intermediate risk group, the prognosis was improved among the patients who received post-surgical targeted therapy after metastasectomy (24.3 months vs. 16.8 months, P=0.027), whereas the difference was not significant for IMDC poor risk group ( P=0.449). Age ≥60 years and multiple bone metastases sites were proved to be the independent risk factors for the prognosis of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma after bone metastasectomy. Conclusions:The prognosis of RCC patients with bone metastases was generally poor. Metastasectomy could prolong the OS of the patients who had undergone primary nephrectomy and had solitary bone metastasis. Metastasectomy combined with targeted therapy could significantly improve the prognosis of the IMDC intermediate risk patients. However, the effect of targeted therapy among IMDC poor risk patients remained to be further proved.

Objective:To assess the safety and feasibility of single-port robotic radical cystectomy.Methods:During May 2019 and August 2019, nine patients (8 males, 1 female) received single-port robotic radical cystectomy by the same surgeon. The average age was 65.6(56-78)years. After a 4.5-5.5 cm trans-umbilical incision was made, Lagiport was inserted. Da Vinci Si system 1 #, 2 # arms and 30° lens were applied. Radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed without additional ports. Urinary diversion was completed outside the body. Uterus and vaginal anterior walls were also resected for female patient. Results:All 9 surgeries were successfully conducted without additional ports or conversion to laparoscopic and open surgery. The average operation time was 437.8(280-600)min. Urinary diversion methods included 2 orthotopic ileal neobladder, 5 ideal conduit and 2 cutaneous ureterostomy. Average estimated blood loss was 227.8(100-450)ml, without blood transfusion. Average intestinal recovery time was 3.1(2-4)days, drainage duration was 8.3(3-16) days, and postoperative hospital stays was 7.7(6-13) days. Pathological TNM stage: T 2aN 0M 0 6 cases, T 2bN 0M 0 1 case, T 3aN 3M 0 1 case, T isN 0M 0 1 case. All surgical margins were negative. One bowel obstruction was cured with fasting and indwelling gastric tube. During 9-12 months’ follow-up, no tumor recurrence and metastasis were observed. There was no hydronephrosis or ureterostenosis. All surgical incision healed well. Conclusions:For experienced surgeons, single-port robotic radical cystectomy is safe and feasible with small incision and fast recovery. Short-term clinical result is satisfied.

Objective To compare the perioperative parameters and renal function in patients,whose aged was 65 year-old or above,with clinical T1-2 renal tumors undergoing partial nephrectomy (PN) or radical nephrectomy (RN).Methods A retrospective review of 469 patients,who underwent RN and PN in our center,was conducted from January 2012 to November 2018,icluding 247 in the RN group and 222 in the PN group.The RN group consisted of 170 male and 77 female patients,with the mean age of (70.96 ± 5.21) year-old.126 cases were found that the tumor located on the fight side,with the median diameter of (4.93 ± 2.03) cm.The median BMI,median R.E.N.A.L.score and pre-operation eGFR of the RN group were (24.4 ± 3.1) kg/m2,8.39 ± 1.45) and (80.23 ± 15.14) ml/(min · 1.73 m2),respectively.The PN group consisted of 150 male and 72 female patients,with the mean age of (70.23 ± 4.62) years old.108 patients had tumors on the left side while 114 on the right side,with the median diameter of (3.17 ± 1.41) cm.The median BMI,median R.E.N.A.L score and pre-operation eGFR of the PN group were (23.5 ± 3.2) kg/m2,(6.69 ± 1.81) and (82.83 ± 14.36) ml/(min · 1.73m2),respectively.No statistical difference was noticed in the age,gender,tumor location and BMI between RN group and PN group(P ＞ 0.05).The PN group had smaller tumors and lower R.E.N.A.L.scores than the RN group (P ＜ 0.05).Various parameters were compared between the PN and RN groups,including operative duration,surgical procedure,intraoperative blood loss,perioperative blood transfusion,drainage tube removal time,postoperative duration of hospitalization,pathological results,the renal function immediately after surgery and at 1 month,1 year,2 years,3 years,4 years,5 years after surgery,and the incidence of chronic renal dysfunction.Results Significant differences were found in multiple variables between the two cohorts,such as operative duration [(115.70 ± 39.69) min in RN vs.(132.26 ± 49.02) min in PN],estimated intraoperative blood loss [(45.85 ± 55.93) days in RN vs.(66.60 ± 61.55) ml in PN],drainage tube removal time [(4.38 ± 1.71) days in RN vs.(4.86 ± 1.61) days in PN],duration of postoperative hospitalization [(5.14 ± 1.65) days in RN vs.(5.52 ± 1.32) days in PN] (P ＜ 0.05).Furthermore,higher proportion of RCC was detected in the RN cohort (93.5％ in RN vs.86.5 ％ in PN,P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in perioperative blood transfusion rate between the two cohorts (10.93％ vs.9.01％,P ＞ 0.05).Compared with the RN cohort,the PN cohort had higher eGFR immediately after surgery [(74.08 ± 18.31) ml/(min · 1.73m2) vs.(52.58 ± 14.21) ml/(min · 1.73m2)],1 month after surgery [(76.11 ± 18.34) ml/(min · 1.73m2) vs.(53.78 ± 15.03)ml/(min · 1.73m2)] and at the last follow-up [(73.92 ± 18.59) ml/(min · 1.73m2) vs.(52.35 ± 16.13) ml/(min · 1.73m2)] (P ＜ 0.001).Compared with those of the RN cohort,the incidences of eGFR ＜ 45 ml/(min · 1.73m2) of the PN cohort were lower immediately after surgery [9.01％ (20/222) vs.31.9％ (79/247)],1 month after surgery [7.87％ (14/178) vs.27.31％ (62/227)],1 year after surgery [8.96％ (13/145) vs.38.75％ (62/16 0)],2 years after surgery [9.89％ (9/91) vs.31.57％ (42/133)],3 years after surgery [13.21％ (7/53) vs.30.61％ (30/98)],4 years after surgery [16.21％ (6/37) vs.30.26％ (23/76)] and 5 years after surgery [18.18％ (4/22) vs.31.11％ (14/45)] (P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion The perioperative risk of PN in the treatment of elderly patients aged 65 and above with clinical cT1-2 renal tumor is controllable.PN could better retain renal function for those patients and reduce the risk of postoperative chronic renal insufficiency.