Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hesperidin ( HDN) on antioxidant ac-tivity in mice.Methods HDN scavenging free radicals was detected by spectrophotometry, inhibition of mitochondrial swelling was detected by pyrogallol autoxidation, and erythrocyte hemolysis was detected by Fe2+phenanthroline.The mice were fed with HDN at different concentrations (0, 80, 160, 320 mg/kg) by gastric gavage for 12 days.ELISA and spec-trophotometric methods were used to assay the amount of MDA in mouse liver and kidney tissues and the activity of antioxi-dant enzymes ( SOD, CAT, GSH-PX) , and the antioxidant enzyme gene mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR.Re-sults Compared with the control group, the radical (· OH, O2 -· , DPPH· ) clearance rate was significantly increased in the HDN groups.There was a significant decrease of oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes and mitochondrial swelling in vitro. MDA content in the mouse liver and kidney tissues and serum showed a decrease, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes ( SOD, CAT, GSH-PX) in the HDN group was significantly higher than that in the control group.There was an up-regula-tion of mRNA expression of antioxidant enzyme in mouse liver and kidney tissues.Conclusions The results showed that HDN can eliminate free radicals, reduce cell oxidative damage caused by free radicals, inhibit superoxide production, up-regulate antioxidant enzyme gene expression and enhance their enzyme activity, thus showing a good antioxidant effect.

Objective To detect the IgM antibodies and epidemiology of pathogens of respiratory tract infection in children ,and to provide the basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment .Methods The serum of 14 379 outpatient and inpatient cases in Tianjin Children′s Hospital from March 2015 to February 2016 were detected by indirect immunofluorescence ,and the respiratory tract in‐fections of different gender ,season ,age and pathogens were analyzed .Results Totally 3 392 specimens (23 .59% ) were positive for IgM antibody detection and the positive rate of MP with 18 .77% was highest ;361 cases were mixed infection ,mainly including two kinds of infection pathogens .The positive rate of respiratory pathogens in male with 21 .46% was significantly lower than in female patients with 33 .92% (χ2 = 274 .73 ,P < 0 .05) .The positive rate in different ages groups (0 - 30 d ,- 6 months ,- 1 years ,- 3 years ,- 9 years ,- 18 years) were 0 .2% ,1 .8% ,15 .36% ,34 .46% ,39 .73% and 30 .73% respectively ,the highest infection rate was found between 3 to 9 years old children ,and the differences among groups were statistically significant (χ2 = 1 407 .87 ,P<0 .05) .The highest rate of MP were found in autumn (24 .42% ) and winter (23 .01% ) ,the highest rate of Influenza B virus (IFu B) was found in spring (15 .13% ) ,the positive rate of Legionella pneumophila (LP) was high in summer (0 .78% ) and autumn (0 .80% ) .Comparison with the 15 departments ,the children of otolaryngology with the positive rate of 43 .9% was the highest . Conclusion The infection ratios of respiratory pathogens were related to gender ,season ,age and pathogen .These findings provided an important reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment in different seasons and population .

Objective : To construct a visual literacy evaluation system for pupils by Delphi expert consultation method（Delphi method）. Methods : The visual literacy evaluation indices for pupils were preliminarily constructed through literature review. Twenty experts in relevant fields were invited and the visual literacy evaluation system for pupils was established by two rounds of expert consultation based on Delphi method. Results : The average age of 20 experts was（48.35±5.79）years old,of which 19 experts had senior titles,and 17 experts had master's degree or above. The enthusiasm of the experts in two rounds of consulting was both 100.00%. The average authoritative coefficient（W）of the experts was 0.88. For the first consulting round,the W of importance scores from experts was 0.91（P<0.01）;the W of operability scores from experts was 0.89（P<0.01）,which indicated satisfactory consistency. For the second consulting round,the W of importance scores from experts was 0.79（P<0.01）;the W of operability scores from experts was 0.77（P<0.01）,which also indicated satisfactory consistency. The finalized visual literacy evaluation system for pupils after two rounds of expert consultation included three primary indices（eye care knowledge literacy,eye care attitude literacy and eye care behavior literacy）,six secondary indices（basic knowledge,eye care behavior,eye care attitude,eye care willingness,bad eye care behavior and eye protection）and 40 tertiary indices（≥5.0 of eyesight among normal people,always wearing glasses due to poor eyesight and so on）. Conclusion The experts who participated in the construction of visual literacy evaluation system for pupils had strong professional representativeness,high enthusiasm,high authority and good coordination,and the evaluation system can be used for evaluating pupils visual literacy.