BACKGROUND:Titanium al oy with good biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties have been widely used in clinic. How to give its excel ent antibacterial properties so as to cope with plant-associated infections has become a research focus in recent years. OBJECTIVE:To review the principle, techniques, classification and relative merits of antimicrobial coating. METHODS:A computer-based search of Scopus database and VIP database was performed by the first author to retrieve relevant articles published from January 1990 to January 2014 using the keywords of“titanium al oy, plant, antibacterial, coating”. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Coatings can be classified into antibiotic coating, non-antibiotic organic antimicrobial coating, inorganic antibacterial coating, anti-adhesion coating, antibacterial bioactive polymer coating, al of which have better biocompatibility, but also have their limitations. Current studies concerning antimicrobial coatings mainly focus on how to enhance the binding force between antimicrobial coating and the substrate as wel as how to get a good anti-bacterial ability, biocompatibility, high wear resistance and persistence;antibacterial phase structure and distribution effects on the bacterial colonization. The antibacterial phase structure and distribution is the key factor for the antimicrobial properties of titanium al oys with either entirely added anti-bacterial elements or surface coating.

Objective To evaluate the effects of tofacitinib on liver function in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.Methods Literature search was performed in databases including PubMed,Cochrane Library,China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang to identify randomized controlled trials about RA treated with tofacitinib.The retrieval time was up to August 2016.Meta-analysis was conducted by Revman 5.5 software.Results A total of 7 studies were included,involving 2 965 patients.The results of Meta-analysis revealed that the incidence of alanine transaminase (ALT)＞1 upper limit of normal (ULN) in patients receiving both 5 mg and 10 mg bid tofacitinib was significantly higher than placebo [5 mg bid tofacitinib:RR=1.48,95％CI (1.20,1.82),P=0.000 2;10 mg bid tofacitinib:RR=1.67,95％CI (1.37,2.05),P＜0.01];there was no significant difference in the incidence of ALT＞3 ULN [5 mg bid tofacitinib:RR=1.81,95％CI (0.57,5.79),P=0.32;10 mg bid tofacitinib:RR=1.36,95％CI (0.57,5.25),P=0.49];the incidence of aspartate transaminase (AST)＞1 ULN was significantly higher than placebo [5 mg bid tofacitinib:RR=1.59,95％CI (1.25,2.03),P=0.000 2;10 mg bid tofacitinib:RR=1.90,95％CI(1.50,2.40),P＜0.01],there was no significant difference in the incidence of AST＞3 ULN [5 mg bid tofacitinib:RR=1.17,95％CI (0.27,5.17),P=0.83;10 mg bid tofacitinib:RR=0.95,95％CI (0.26,3.44),P=0.94].Conclusion Tofacitinib slightly increases ALT and AST in patient with RA.Due to the limited sources and lack of domestic studies,more randomized controlled trials are still needed to verify the above conclusion.

BACKGROUND:B-lymphocytes are an important participant in the immunity system. Currently, magnetic beads and complement methods are mainly used to isolate and purify B-lymphocytes. However, these methods are costly or cause large cel damage and low purity, which need further improvement. OBJECTIVE: To explore the isolation and culture methods of B-lymphocytes from mouse spleen and to study suitable conditions for B-lymphocyte isolation and culture in vitro by using interleukin-4, lipopolysaccharide, CD3 monoclonal antibody or their combination. METHODS:B-lymphocytes from mouse spleen were isolated and randomly divided into seven groups, respectively treated with interleukin-4, CD3 monoclonal antibody, lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-4+CD3, interleukin-4+lipopolysaccharide, CD3+lipopolysaccharide, and no stimulation (control group). Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes in the number and proportion of T-lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and their subpopulations under different culture conditions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The number of lymphocytes peaked at 3-5 days after addition of interleukin-4. In the lipopolysaccharide group, the number of lymphocytes began to increase at 3 days, and then peaked at 5 days. T-lymphocytes disappeared after addition of CD3 monoclonal antibody, so relatively pure B-lymphocytes could be obtained after 2 days and the number of B-lymphocytes reached the peak at 3 days. The number of mature B-lymphocytes (B220+IgD+) increased significantly after addition of CD3 antibody. In al the conditions we tested, transitional B cel subset (B220+CD93+) disappeared completely after 24 hours of culture. Experimental results indicate that after addition of CD3 monoclonal antibody and interleukin-4, T-lymphocytes can be removed in mouse spleen cels cultured, but mature B-lymphocytes remain to survive and proliferate.

Objective This study aimed to explore clinical characteristics of four types of obesity based on metabolic classification. Methods Forty-eight obese patients were divided according to their clinical characteristics into 4 groups including metabolic healthy obesity (MHO), hypometabolic obesity (LMO), hypermetabolic obesity (HMO), and metabolic obesity with inflammation (IMO). 20 normal weight individuals were also recruited as a control group. Body fat, body weight, visceral index, and basal metabolism were measured by Omron body fat meter. Fat content and its distribution were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. All participating patients underwent various tests for 75 g oral glucose tolerance, blood glucose, insulin, C peptide. Lipid profile, thyroid function and sex hormones levels, and inflammation factors were also measured. Results (1)Patients in MHO group had higher body fat content, but had no metabolic disorder and inflammation. Their hormones levels were normal. (2) Lower metabolic rate and lower hormones levels were found in the patients in LMO group with increasing visceral fat. Trunk/subcutaneous fat mass was significantly higher than that in MHO group(1. 19 ± 0. 25 vs 0. 97 ± 0. 32, P<0. 05). There were abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism in LMO group. The insulin action index was significantly lower than that in MHO group(0. 006 6 ± 0. 002 7 vs 0. 012 1 ± 0. 009 5, P<0. 05). The area under the curve of glucoseconcentrationwassignificantlyhigherinLMOgroupthanthatinMHOgroup[(18.71±8.68vs12.70±4.63) mmol/L, P<0. 05]. (3)Heart rate and blood pressure were higher in HMO group. The heart rate was significantly increased compared with that in MHO group [(90. 50 ± 8. 24 vs 73. 20 ± 14. 11) beat/min, P<0. 05]. The waist circumference was significantly larger than that in MHO group [(111. 88 ± 10. 54 vs 98. 05 ± 15. 56) cm, P<0. 05]. (4) In IMO group, insulin action index was significantly lower than MHO group (0. 007 0 ± 0. 003 3 vs 0.0121±0.0095,P<0.05). ThetrunkfatmassanduricacidlevelsweresignificantlyhigherthanMHOgroup [(17236.38±4610.60vs15816.10±5453.42)gand(468.28±121.32vs376.84±97.14) μmol/L,bothP<0. 05]. Patients in IMO group had acanthosis nigricans, but their glucose level was relatively normal. Conclusion The metabolic-based obese diagnosis is essential for understanding the obesity etiology and providing individualized treatment.

Objectives To investigate factors affecting neonate birth weight. Methods Random cluster sampling method was adopted to investigate the physical development of 5539 single live newborns in Beijing, Harbin, Changsha, and Guang-zhou. Single factor analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to find the factors influencing neonate birth weight. Re-sults Single factor analysis showed that neonatal sex, gestational age, maternal age, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, mother's education and occupation have effects on neonatal birth weight. Risk factors for macrosomia, including male fetus, maternal age≥25 years before pregnancy, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI≥24 kg/m2, gestational weight gain greater than 12.5 kg, and preterm delivery and maternal pre-pregnant BMI<18.5 kg/m2 are the risk factors of low birth weight. Conclu-sions Premature, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, high or low maternal pre-pregnancy BMI are main factors that caused abnormal body mass in neonates.

Objective: To analyze the relevant literature regarding the effect of tuina on postpartum milk secretion and thus summarize the clinical rules on tuina for lactation disorder. Method: Investigate the relationship between tuina and postpartum milk secretion for four aspects, including the initial time of lactation, level of serum prolactin, volume of lactation, and Chinese medicine's understanding of tuina on milk secretion. Result and Conclusion: Tuina on breasts after childbirth can speed and promote lactation. This has been proved by clinical practice over the past hundreds of years, along with modern laboratory and scientific research. This method, therefore, is of great significance in obstetrical nursing.

Objective To understand the birth conditions of newborns in four cities of China and its trend. Methods The physical development data of single live newborns in 4 cities of Beijing, Harbin, Changsha and Guangzhou were investi-gated by random cluster sampling method, and was compared with the national neonatal growth standard developed from the investigation in 15 cities from 1986 to 1987. Results The study investigated a total of 5 539 newborns:1 412 in Beijing, 1 410 in Harbin, 1 274 in Changsha and 1 443 in Guangzhou. Except for the head circumference of male newborns, the weight, height and head circumference of full-term newborns in four cities in 2012 were all more than the national neonatal growth standard of 1986-1987 (P<0.05). Compared with the data obtained from 1986-1987, the sex ratio and the prevalence of macrosomia and premature were higher, but the rates of post-term delivery and low birth weight were lower (P<0.01). Conclusions The new-borns in four cities of China are in good condition during recent 25 years. More attention should be paid to improve the birth sex ratio and to decrease rates of macrosomia and premature.

To study the value of lung ultrasound score (LUS) in assessing the clinical outcome of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).A total of 99 VAP patients were enrolled in a prospective study.All patients met the diagnostic criterion of VAP based on the 2013 guidelines and admitted into our ICU from Jun 2013 to Jun 2015.All parameters were recorded on the diagnostic day (day 1) and day 5,including LUS,clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS),chest X ray (CXR),Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score,Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score,etc.According to the CPIS,patients were divided into 2 groups(CPIS less than 6 and more or equal to 6).CPIS and LUS were similar on day 1 between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).However,on day 5,significant differences of CPIS and LUS were found between groups with CPIS ＜ 6 and CPIS≥6 (P =0.019 and P ＜ 0.001 respectively).LUS decreased on day 5 in CPIS ＜ 6 group and increased in CPIS ≥6 group.In CPIS ＜ 6 group,there was a positive correlation between LUS and CPIS on day 1 (r =0.375,P =0.003) and day 5 (r =0.590,P ＜ 0.001).CPIS ≥6 groupshowed the same trend on day 1 (r =0.484,P =0.002) and day 5 (r =0.407,P =0.011).LUS can be used to dynamically evaluate the clinical outcome of VAP.

BACKGROUND: At present, bladder acellular matrix grafts have been successfully used for substituting animal bladder and urinary canal, and for repairing hypospadia. However, reports on bladder acellular matrix grafts for substituting albuginea penis need to be investigated. OBJECTIVE: Allogeneic bladder acellular grafts were used for substituting albuginea penis of rabbits, in order to observe repairing results. DESIGN: A randomized controlled observation. SETTING: West China Medical Laboratory Animal Center and West China Laboratory of Tissue Engineering of Sichuan University as well as Laboratory of Tissue Engineering of Guiyang Medical College. MATERIALS: Fifty male healthy New Zealand Rabbits of grade 3, weighing 2.6-3.0 kg, without phimosis and penis dysplasia, and without presence of phallocampsis after normal saline being perfused, were provided by Huaxi Laboratory Animal Center of Sichuan University. METHODS: This study was performed at the West China Laboratory Animal Center and West China Laboratory of Tissue Engineering of Sichuan University as well as Laboratory of Tissue Engineering of Guiyang Medical College between December 2005 and June 2007. Bladders were taken from 10 experimental rabbits for preparing bladder acellular matrix grafts. The other 40 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into the control group, and the bladder acellular matrix grafts group, with 20 in each. An area of 10 mm×5 mm of albuginea penis was resected from dorsum penis of each rabbit. Suture in situ of albuginea penis and bladder acellular matrix grafting were conducted in rabbits of the control group and bladder acellular matrix grafts group, respectively. In the 2nd, 6th, 12th and 24th weeks postoperatively, each rabbit was intracavernously perfused normal saline for inducing penile erection, separately, in order to observe phallocampsis. At above-mentioned each time point, experimental animals were sacrificed. Sample was taken from surgical region for haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Masson trichrome staining, in order to observe the changes of tissue and structure of surgical region. Types Ⅰand Ⅲ collagen fiber areas were detected by Stirus red staining, and the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were detected by immunohistochemical staining. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Phallocampsis status. ② Changes of tissue and structure of surgical region. ③iNOS and TGF-β1 expressions. ④TypeⅠand Ⅲ collagen fiber areas.RESULTS: Forty experimental rabbits were involved in the penile surgery, two of them died from overdose anesthesia, two died from chordapsus, so the remaining thirty-six rabbits were involved in the final analysis. In the 6th week postoperatively, phallocampsis reached its highest level, and 2 rabbits in the control group and 1 rabbit in the bladder acellular matrix grafts group presented phallocampsis. In the 12th week, every rabbit presented phallocampsis. In the 24th week, 1 rabbit in the control group but none in the bladder acellular matrix grafts group presented phallocampsis. In the 2nd week, the structure of surgical regions of each rabbit was poorly clear, with remarkable inflammatory infiltration. In the bladder acellular matrix grafts group, grafting regions presented cells ingrowing the bladder acellular matrix grafts. Masson trichrome staining results showed that in the surgical region, tunica albuginea fibers were thin and poorly arranged. In the 6th week, tunica albuginea recovered its integrity, and bladder acellular matrix grafts could not be distinguished. No significant difference existed between two groups. In the 24th week, tunica albuginea was even and complete in the sugical region, and fibers restored their arrangement of circular muscle in inner layer and longitudinal muscle in outer layer, without difference from normal tunica albuginea. iNOS and TGF-β1 expressions were the strongest in the 2nd week, and they were found in the fibrocytes and vascular endothelial cells in the 6th week, but a little in the 12th and 24th weeks postoperatively. There were no remarkable differences in iNOS and TGF-β1 expressions between two groups at the same time point. In the 2nd week, typesⅠand Ⅲ collagen fibers co-existed with equivalent proportion. Then, typeⅠcollagen fibers were gradually increased, while type Ⅲ collagen fibers were on the contrary. In the 24th week, typeⅠcollagen fibers took the main place and type Ⅲ collagen fibers were unremarkable. CONCLUSION: Bladder acellular matrix grafts have no remarkable inflammatory reactions and fibrosis in repairing tunica albuginea of New Zealand rabbits, so they are very ideal grafting materials for penile surgery.

Objective:To prepare the multilayer alginate chitosan microspheres loading vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vancomycin (VAN), and to study in vitro release characteristics.Methods:The microspheres were prepared by emulsion cross-linking and self-assembly techniques.The effects of sodium alginate concentration, calcium chloride concentration, oil/water ratio and span80 concentration on the entrapment efficiency(EE) and drug loading(DL) of VEGF and VAN were investigated by orthogonal experimental design to optimize the preparation process.The surface morphology and particle size of microspheres were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).Self-assembly was detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR).The EE, DL and in vitro release of VEGF and VAN were detected by ELISA double antibody sandwich method and ultraviolet spectrophotometry,and the cumulative release curve was drawn.Results:The prepared microspheres were yellowish brown powder.The SEM results showed that the microspheres were spherical, the surface was smoothy, and the dispersity was better.The average particle size was about 50 μm.Sodium alginate concentration of 1.0 g·mL-1, CaCl2 concentration of 8 g·mL-1, oil to water ratio of 3∶1, and span80 concentration of 2% were the best formula.The EE of VEGF and VAN were 49.63% and 16.67%, respectively.In vitro, the cumulative release last 16.5 d and 12.5 d respectively and the amount reached up to 95%.Conclusion:The multilayer alginate chitosan microspheres loading VEGF and VAN present several advantages, such as smaller particle size, higher EE and better controlled release.