Fiberoptic bronchoscopy technique has been widely used in PICU,became a necessary measures for diagnosis and treatment of the respiratory diseases in PICU.We introduced emphatically application progress and attention matters of fiberoptic bronchoscopy technique in PICU.

The process of myocardial injury in critically ill patients is inevitable.It is a serious threat to the critically ill patients.The diagnosis of myocardial injury,biomarkers and treatment were reviewed in this paper.

Objective To research the diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin (PCT)for sepsis and bacterial infection in children,and evaluate the value of severity and prognosis evaluation by dynamic monitoring for PCT levels in children with sepsis.Methods Prospective study.From July 2011 to April 2012,297 children in PICU were divided into sepsis group(n =125)and non-sepsis group(n =172).The sepsis group were divided into severe sepsis group and non-severe sepsis group,at same time,to be divided into bacterial sepsis group and non-bacterial sepsis group.The concentrations of serum PCT,C-reactive protein (CRP),WBC,neutrophil ratio in different time periods were obtained;the pediatric critical illness scores were conducted and sepsis related organ failure assessment were evaluated,the condition of prognosis was observed.Results The level of PCT in sepsis group and non-sepsis group were (21.31 ± 18.27)ng/ml,(4.35 ± 2.63)ng/ml,respectively.PCT of sepsis group was higher than that of non-sepsis group (t =4.744,P ＜ 0.01).The area under ROC curve of PCT,CRP and WBC in sepsis group were 0.737 (95 ％ confidence interval:0.633 ～ 0.840),0.704 (95 ％ confidence interval:0.610 ～ 0.799),0.666 (95 ％ confidence interval:0.554 ～0.778),respectively.When the level of PCT was 10 ng/ml,the diagnosis of severe sepsis had critical value,with sensitivity 80.2％ and specificity 82.6％.We found that PCT rapidly increased at the early infection by dynamically observing PCT,CRP and WBC of sepsis group.Furthermore,when the infection was controlled after using the antibiotic for 5 days,PCT also quiekly came down.However,CRP,WBC remained high level after controlling the infection and they declined slower than PCT.The PCT level of the children in the dead group was significantly higher than that in the survival group.PCT showed negative correlation with pediatric critical illness score (r =-0.621,P ＜ 0.05),and positive correlation with sepsis related organ failure assessment(r =0.755,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion PCT has important value for diagnosing severe sepsis and bacterial sepsis.Dynamic PCT monitoring is valuable in severity classification and prognosis assessment for critically ill children with sepsis,and provide guides for clinicians to adjust the antibiotic use in time.

Objective To study the value of Procalcitonin (PCT) in predicting the severity of the critically ill children by analyzing the clinical data of increased PCT level.Methods A total of 392 patients with increased PCT admitted to the PICU of Hunan Children's Hospital from August 2011 to April 2012 were enrolled.The data of clinical manifestations,medical condition,sputum culture,organ function and prognosis were summarized and analyzed statistically.The continuous variables were analyzed with t-test,the categorical variables were analyzed with Chi-squared test,and the correlation analysis was calculated using Pearson coefficients.Results Serum PCT had a positive correlation with inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP),white blood cell (WBC) count and the percentage of neutrophils (NEU％) (P ＜ 0.01).PCT was significantly higher when sputum culture was positive (P ＜0.05) but there were no obvious changes in CRP,WBC and NEUT％ (P ＞ 0.05).Serum PCT increased obviously in the presence of organ dysfunction.The higher serum PCT,the more likely multiple organ failure would happen.The PCT level upon admission in death group (63 cases) was (62.43 ± 70.19) ng/ml,which was higher than that in survival group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions PCT level is helpful in assessment of severity and prognosis of bacterial infection in critically ill children,and can reflect the organ dysfunction objectively.It can improve the survival rate and the life quality in critically ill children.

Objective To assess the disease severity and prognosis value by observing the kinetic change of serum procalcitonin(PCT),PCT clearance rate(PCT-C) and Δsequential organ failure assessment (ΔSOFA) score in the patients with septic shock.Methods A single-center observational study was conduc-ted.A total of 274 patients with septic shock admitted into intensive care unit of Hunan Province Children′s Hospital from July 2013 to December 2015 were enrolled.The patients were divided into survival group(n=178) and nonsurvival group(n=96)according to the therapeutic outcome on day 28.The PCT and SOFA scores were estimated within 24 hours when septic shock was diagnosed.PCT-C and ΔSOFA were examined on day 2,day 3,day 5,day 7,day 9 after the septic shock was diagnosed.The diagnostic and predictive per-formance of PCT,PCT-C and ΔSOFA score were assessed by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).Results There were no statistical differences on serum concentrations of PCT at 24 hour,48 hour, 72 hour between two groups.But PCT-C in survival group on day 2,day 3,day 5,day 7,day 9 were signifi-cant higher than those of nonsurvival group.The area under the ROC curve were 0.800(95%CI 0.69~0.91, P=0.000)for PCT-C on day 9,0.980(95%CI 0.78 ~0.95,P<0.000)for ΔSOFA on day 9 and 0.779 (95%CI 0.66 ~0.89,P <0.001)for SOFA score when septic shock was diagnosed. A ROC analysis identified a PCT-C on day 9 more than 38.98%(sensitivity:78.90%,specificity:66.80%) as the most accurate cut-off in predicting death.A ROC analysis identified ΔSOFA score on day 9 less than -0.5(sensi-tivity:89.10%,specificity:91.50%) as the most accurate cut-off in predicting death. Conclusion The increased levels of PCT in patients with septic shock were associated with the poor control of infection and may indicate the deterioration of septic shock,it also can reflect the activity of infection in time. Keeping observing the dynamic change of PCT and analyzing PCT-C are more useful.The PCT-C levels and ΔSOFA score may provide evidence of disease progression and be helpful in risk stratification in patients with septic shock,and lower level of PCT-C and ΔSOFA score may accompany serious infection and predict poor prognosis.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nasal continuous positive airway pres-sure (NCPAP) in treatment of severe pneumonia in children. Methods A series of 150 children with severe pneumonia were prospectively included from January 2016 to June 2017. The 150 children all still had short-ness of breath after 1 hours of nasal oxygen delivery,and then switched to NCPAP. We collected related clini-cal parameters (the basic vital signs,blood gas analysis index,shortness of breath,wheezing,groaning,nasal incitement,three depressions sign and NCPAP parameters) at three time points,including 0 h,1 h,4 h after using NCPAP. We compared the clinical parameters among the three time points before and after NCPAP with the purpose to assess the efficacy and safety of NCPAP. Results The proportion of shortness of breath (χ2=272. 218,P=0. 01),fast heart rate(χ2=31. 625,P=0. 01),wheezing(χ2=7. 624,P=0. 02),moaning (χ2=7. 203,P=0. 025),nasal flaring(χ2=74. 032,P＜0. 01),three depressions sign(χ2=117. 030,P＜0. 01) gradually decreased with statistically different among 0 h,1 h and 4 h after using NCPAP. PaO2/FiO2 (F=7. 32,P＜0. 01) gradually increased with statistically different among 0 h,1 h and 4 h after using NCPAP. Twenty-seven patients required intubations. PaO2and PaO2/FiO2in patiens received intubations were lower than those in patients only received NCPAP before treatment. Conclusion NCPAP is an effective and safe way for severe pneumonia children who remained abnormal breathing after conventional oxygen inhalation.

Objective To study the clinical data of patients treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in PICU,and to explore the application time and range of NCPAP in critically ill children. Methods A prospective study was conducted to collect clinical data of 192 severe patients admitted to PICU from January 2016 to June 2017 who had shortness of breath after giving oxygen through nasal cath-eter for 1 hour and then switched to NCPAP. According to using NCPAP oxygen partial pressure,children were divided into three groups:group A[ shortness of breath ( PaO2≥70 mmHg,1 mmHg＝0. 133 kPa) ], group B[shortness of breath combined,reduced oxygen partial pressure(50mmHg

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of different blood purification methods in children with acute liver failure,and to explore the clinical application mode,time and prognosis of blood pur-ification in children with acute liver failure. Methods The clinical data of 85 children with acute liver failure admitted to PICU of Hunan Children′s Hospital from January 2010 to October 2016 were retrospectively ana-lyzed. Sixteen patients were treated with general integrated medical treatment(conservative group). Twenty-seven patients were treated with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration ( CVVHDF) model non-biological artificial liver on the basis of general integrated medical treatment(CBP group). Sixteen cases were treated with plasma exchange ( PE group). Twenty-six cases were treated with plasma exchange combined with CVVHDF mode (combination group). The main biochemical indexes,coagulation function,model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) score and delta MELD before and after treatment among groups were compared. Results Compared with those before treatment,the improvement of liver function and prognosis in the con- servative was not significant after treatment. There were significant differences in the improvement of liver function and prognosis among the other three groups treated with non-biological artificial liver. Comparing the biochemical indexes and prognosis of three groups of children treated with different modes of non-biological artificial liver,there was no significant difference in the total effective rate between PE group and CBP group [56. 3% (9/16) vs 55. 6% (15/27),P>0. 05]. The total effective rate of combined group[84. 6% (22/26)] was significantly higher than those of PE group and CBP group. There was no significant difference in the improvement of liver function between PE group and CBP group (all P>0. 05),but the indexes of liver function in combined group were significantly lower than those in PE group and CBP group ( P<0. 05). It significantly increased prothrombin activity,albumin and alpha-fetoprotein levels(all P<0. 05). At the same time,procalcitonin, sequential organ failure assessment scores, pediatric end-stage liver disease scores and MELD scores in the death group were significantly higher than those in the survival group,and there were significant differences between the two groups. However,the effect of non-biological artificial liver was not good in the subgroups of MELD<25 and MELD>40. Conclusion PE and CBP have a good effect on chil-dren with acute liver failure,and if combined with the two methods can improve the therapeutic effect. At the same time,MELD score should be monitored in children with acute liver failure,and non-biological artificial liver therapy should not be recommended for children with MELD<25 and MELD>40.

Objective To explore the application value of the FilmArray detection system in the diagnosis and treatment of severe pneumonia in children,and to understand the pathogenic characteristics of severe pneumonia in children.Methods A tolal of 158 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from children with severe pneumonia in Hunan Children's Hospital from May 2017 to March 2018.FilmArray were used to detect respiratory pathogen.Blood routine,C-reactive protein (CRP),procalcitonin (PCT) and seven kinds of respiratory virus antigen were also performed on all the samples.The pathogenic characteristics of 158 cases of severe pneumonia were analyzed,and the positive rate of seven kinds of respiratory virus antigen test method and FilmArray were statistically analyzed.Results Among 158 patients with severe pneumonia,114(72.15％) were positive and 91 (57.59％) single pathogen infection were detected by FilmArray,with the highest detection rate of rhinoviruses/enteroviruses (16.46％).23(14.56％) mixed infection were detected by FilmArray,respiratory syncytial virus combined with adenovirus infection had the highest positive rate (2.53％).The detection of respiratory pathogens in different age groups was analyzed.The highest positivity rates of children aged ＜ 1 years were human rhinovirus/enterovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (25％),＞ 1-3 years was human rhinovirus/enterovirus (25％),3-5 years were influenza virus A and adenovirus (27.27％),＞ 5 years was human rhinovirus/enterovirus (26.08％).Among 158 patients,53(33.54％) had bacterial infection,and the most common bacterial infection was Streptococcus pneumoniae (7.59％).In seven respiratory virus antigen test negetive children,PCT in Film Array negative group was higher than that in Film Array positive group (P =0.03).The positive rate of FilmArray was higher than that of the seven respiratory virus antigen test method (72.15％ vs 19.62％,P ＜0.01).The level of white blood cell and cough days in pertussis group were higher than that in non-pertussis group,which was significantly different (P ＜ 0.01).The PCT level in non-pertussis group was higher than that in pertussis group,with significant difference (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions FilmArray detection can detect 20 kinds of respiratory tract pathogens rapidly and accurately.The positive rate of detection is high,and the diagnosis rate of virus is improved.The combination of infection indicators and sputum culture results by clinicians can better guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective: To understand the present situation of the emergency ability of the pediatrics in township hospital of Hunan province, and to provide the basis for improving the treatment of critical diseases and strengthening the medical quality in basic hospital. Methods: Status survey, expert consultation, on-spot examination, and questionnaire were conducted.One representative of the 1 217 township hospitals participating in the appropriate health technologies for pediatric emergency was sent to a face-to-face survey by investigators. Results: In 1 217 township hospitals, only 965 pediatricians had been certified.Among them, 58 township hospitals did not purchase the first aid equipment in the scope of the survey, and 211 township hospitals were not equipped with first aid drug.Less than 30% of township hospitals had tracheotomy kits, cardiac defibrillator and first aid equipment such as neonatal incubator, newborn radiation table and infusion pump.Among the trained 1 095 general practitioners, only 305(27.85%) understood the basic first-aid knowledge of this training in pediatrics; 258(258/1 217, 21.20%) township hospitals could not carry out 7 pediatric emergency projects of this survey.The proportion of the capable of carrying out rescue treatment including acute respiratory failure (191/1 217, 15.69%), heart failure (201/1 217, 16.52%) and shock(227/1 217, 18.65%) in township hospitals were less than 30%. Conclusion The primary hospital is the basis for the treatment of critical diseases in pediatrics, but the level of diagnosis and treatment and basic equipment need to be further strengthened.The urgent task is to strengthen the training of medical and nursing staff in the treatment of critical diseases in pediatrics.