Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel coronavirus which can cause severe acute respiratory illness with a high mortality rate .There is no proven medication or vaccine for MERS-CoV .Currently MERS-CoV has spread from the main epidemic area ,the Middle East area ,to many other countries including United States of America and has the potential of global endemic .It has raised global public health concerns regarding the current situation and its future evolution .This review will mainly focus on the research progress of MERS-CoV about the animal reservoir and transmission , infection mechanisms and development of anti-viral drugs or vaccine .The goal is to provide with useful references to the devel-opment of specific drug and vaccine and an effective control and prevention of M ERS-CoV infection .

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)/Caspase-8/Caspase-3 signaling pathway in the development of hyperlipidemia in rats.Methods 60 healthy male SD rats 〔4-week old,weight (110 ± 10) g〕 were randomly divided into control group,high-fat diet group,folic acid group,vitamin B12 group,folic acid and vitamin B12 group.After one week's feeding for adaptability,the groups of foloc acid,vitamine B12 and foloc acid + vitamineB12 were dealt with intraperitoneal injection of folic acid (0.5 mg/d),vitamin B12 (0.05mg/d),and folic acid (0.5 mg/d) plus vitamin B12 (0.05 mg/d),respectively,and fed with high fat diet simultaneously.Control group was dealt with intraperitoneal injection of normal saline (0.5 ml/d)and fed with normal diet.High-fat diet group was only fed with high fat diet.Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure the mRNA level of PPARy,Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 in aorta abdominalis dissected at 17 weekends.Results Folic acid alone or jointed with vitamin B12 could effectively increase the level of PPARγ,while decrease the mRNA levels of Caspase8 and Caspase-3 as compared with high-fat diet group (P＜0.05),and folic acid plus vitamin B12 was more effective than folic acid alone (P＜0.05).Conclusions Folic acid alone or joined with vitamin B12 can improve the mRNA levels of PPARγ,Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 in vascular wall to protect endothelial injury from hyperlipidemia.

Objective To investigate the myocardial protection of adiponectin (ADP) /adiponectin receptor 1 (ADPR1) related-signal pathway in rats with limb ischemic preconditioning.Methods Thirty SD male rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group,myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) group,limb ischemic preconditioning (LIPC) group,LY294002 (the PI3-specific inhibitor) pretreatment group and LY294002+LIPC group (n=10 each).The mRNA level of myocardial ADP and ADPR1,the protein expressions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3k)phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot,respectively. Results As compared with sham-operation group,the mRNA levels of ADP and ADPR1 in MIRI group were significantly decreased (0.53 ± 0.07 vs.0.74 ± 0.08 and 0.52 ± 0.02 vs.0.72 ± 0.04,P＜0.05).Compared with MIRI group,the mRNA levels of ADP (0.72±0.21) and ADPRI (0.80±0.023) in LIPC group were increased,ADP(0.49±0.07) and ADPR1 (0.52± 0.02) mRNA were decreased in LY294002 group (both P＜0.05),but there were no difference in ADP(0.70±0.16) and ADPR1(0.78±0.05) mRNA between LY294002+LIPC group and MIRI group.The protein levels of Pl3k and p-Akt were lower in MIRI group than in sham-operation group (3.85±0.23 vs.2.83±0.22and 3.77±0.32 vs.2.66±0.29,P＜0.05).In contrast to MIRI group,the yield of PI3k (2.65±0.32)and p-Akt(2.26±0.27) protein (P＜0.05) were increased in LIPC group,but there were unproductive protein of PI3k (3.75 ± 0.65) and p-Akt (4.01 ± 0.71) in LY294002 group with no differences versus the levels of PI3k (3.23 ± 0.48) and p-Akt (3.17 ± 0.54) in LY294002 + LIPC group. Conclusions Limb ischemic preconditioning may protect myocardium by promoting serum adiponectin levels,improving myocardial mRNA expressions of ADP and ADPR1,activating the ADP/PI3k/Akt signaling pathway in reperfusion injury.

Objective: To construct TCR V? nucleic acid vaccine. Methods: A fragment of TCR V? gene was amplified by RT- PCR from a human T lymphoma cell line, Jurkat, and cloned into eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3 by gene recombination. After sequencing, the recombinant plasmid was transfected into SP2/0 cells and its expression was detected on mRNA level. BALB/c mice were immunized with pcDNA3 and the recombinant plasmid by intramuscular routes. Antiserum was collected and detected by immunocytochemistry method. Results: A fragment of TCR V? gene from Jurkat cells was obtained and proved to be identical to published sequence. A recombinant plasmid pcDNA3-TCR V? was comstructed. Its expression was detectable on mR- NA level after being transfected into SP2/0 cells. Antiserum from mice immunized with pcDNA3-TCR V? reacted strongly with Ju- rkat cells and SP2/0 cells transfected by pcDNA3-TCR V?, while shows no reaction on CEM cells expressing TCR?? and SP2/0 cells. Antisera from normal force and mice immunized with pcDNA3 were both negative on Jurkat cells. The results of immunocy- tochemistry indicated that BALB/c mice immunized with pcDNA3-TCR V? produced specific antibody to Jurkat TCR V?.Conclu sion: The TCR V? nucleic acid vaccine we constructed can induce humoral immunity.

Objective To investigate the in vivo effect of melatonin on calyculin A-induced neurofilament(NF) hyperphosphorylation in neuroblastma cells(N2awt).Methods N2awt cells were treated with CA or CA and different concentration melatonin or CA and vitamin E,the levels of neurofilament phosphorylation and the level of PP-2A were detected,and the activities of PP-2A were assayed.Results Calyculin A treatment led to neurofilament hyperphosphorylation by decreasing the level and activity of PP-2A.Both melatonin and vitamin E had protective effect on calyculin A-induced neurofilament hyperphosphorylation,although melatonin increased the activity of PP-2A while vitamin E did not.Morever,melatonin partially attenuated the decreasing of PP-2A level. Conclusion Melatonin protects neuroblastma cells from CA-induced neurofilament hyperphosphorylation through the regulation of PP-2A level and the increase of PP-2A activity.

Objective To evaluate the role of adiponectin (ADP) and adiponectin receptor-1(ADPR1) in limb ischemic precondi-tioning(LIPC) against apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI) .Methods SD rats were divided into 3 groups (n=10 ,4 rats of every group were prepared for detecting apoptosis ) .Group sham (group in sham operated) were processed identi-cally except the left coronary artery was not be ligated ;group MIRI (group in ischemia reperfusion) were subjected to occlusion of the left coronary artery anterior descending (LAD) followed by reperfusion ,occlusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min;group LIPC (group in limb ischemic preconditioning) were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion on the left hind limb for 5 min in turn for 3 d .LAD were performed ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min at the 4th day .The expression of the level of myocardial ADP and ADPR1 mRNA of group sham ,group MIRI and group LIPC were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) .The apoptosis index of every group were determined by mothod of terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase medi-ated nick end labeling(TUNEL)respectively .Results Compared with group sham ,the expression of ADP and ADPR1 mRNA in group MIRI lessened apparently (P<0 .05);compared with group MIRI ,the expression of ADP and ADPR1 mRNA in group LIPC increased statistically significant(P<0 .05);compared with group sham ,the apoptosis index(AI) of myocardial cells in group MIRI increased apparently(P<0 .05);compared with group MIRI ,the AI of myocardial cells in group LIPC decreased significantly (P<0 .05) .Conclusion Limb ischemic preconditioning ;decreased apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via activating ADP signaling pathways ,which played a protective role in myocardial tissue .

AIM: To explore the effect of ovariectomization on Alzheimer-like phosphorylation of Tau in hippocampus of Sorague-Dawlery rats. METHODS: An animal model was developed using ovariectimized (OVX) rats, and the phosphorylation of Tau protein was measured by Western blot. RESULTS: The levels of phosphorylated Tau at PHF-1epitope were elevated in ovariectimized rat brain hippocampus 4 weeks and 8 weeks after ovariectomization, when compared with sham-OVX rats (P0.05). CONCLUSION: Ovariectomization may induce Alzheimer-like hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein in brain hippocampus of rats. [

Xylan from sugar cane bagasse can be cross linked by 1,4 butanedioldiglycidylether with dye Cibacron blue 3GA to form an insoluble dye solid This substrate was stable from pH4 to pH8 at 50℃ for 24h or 100℃ for 30min It is easy and sensitive to use this dyed xylan from sugar cane bagasse in measuring xylanase activity and screening xylanase producing microorganisms on agar plate

Objective To investigate the relationship between apolipoprotein E ( ApoE ) gene polymorphism and cerebral infarction patients with different gender and etiological typing. Methods A total of 91 patients with cerebral infarction aged≥60 years ( cerebral infarction group) were enrolled. They were divided into either a large artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke group (n=37) or a small artery occlusion (SAO) stroke group (n=54) according to the Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment (TOAST) classification. A total of 105 age-,sex-,and residence-matched healthy subjects were enrolled as controls. A Nested Allele-Specific Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Method was used to detect the ApoE gene polymorphism. The ApoE gene polymorphism of cerebral infarction of different gender and etiological typing were compared. Results ( 1 ) ApoE Genotypes of E2/2, E2/3, E2/4, E3/3, and E3/4 were detected,but the ApoE E4/4 was not detected. (2) There were no significant differences in the frequencies of ApoE genotypes and each gene carrier frequency between the cerebral infarction group and the control group (all P>0. 05). There was significant difference in ApoE genotype frequencies and each gene carrier frequency of the males between the cerebral infarction group and the control group (P<0. 01,P<0. 05). Both the E3/3 genotype frequency (56. 1%) and ε3 carrier frequency (78. 0%) of the cerebral infarction group were lower than the males of the control group ( 79. 2% and 89. 6% respectively );both the E3/4 genotype frequency (31. 7%) and ε4 carrier frequency (15. 9%) were higher than the control group (7. 5% and 3. 8%respectively). There was no significant differences in the ApoE genotype frequency and gene carrier frequency in female participants between the two groups (all P>0. 05). (3) There were no significant differences in the ApoE genotype frequency and gene carrier frequency among the LAA,SAO,and control groups. There was significant difference in the ApoE genotype frequency and gene carrier frequency in males between the LAA group and the control group (P>0. 01);the genotype frequencies of E2/3 and E3/E3 (6. 7% and 46. 7%),ε2,as well as theε3 carrier frequency (3. 3% and 73. 3%) of LAA were lower than those of the control group (13. 2%,79. 2%,6. 6%,and 89. 6%,respectively);the E3/4 genotype frequency andε4 carrier frequency of the LAA subtype were 46. 7% and 23. 3% respectively. They were all higher than 7. 5% and 3. 8% in the control group. However,there were no significant differences in males among the SAO group,the control group,and the 3 groups of females ( the LAA subtype,SAO subtypes,and the control group) (P>0. 05). Conclusion ε4 gene may be a risk factor for LAA in males. The association of ApoE gene polymorphism with cerebral infarction in females is not found.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of diet for infants in relatively poor counties in different cities of Yunnan and to provide a reference for carrying out educational consultation in the future by comparing and analyzing the data of infant diet in those areas.Methods Based on the GDP and habits of diet,the characteristics of infants' diet was investigated and analyzed in four counties including Yiliang in Zhaotong,Jianchuan in Dali,Lushui in Nujiang,and Mojiang in Puer,with low income and different habits of diet.Results No difference was found among people who fed the infants in terms of sex,age groups,feeding relationship and degree of education except for one fact that the feeding rate of parents in Jianchuan county was lower than that in Yiliang county.Based on the standard intake of nutrient in Chinese people,the intake of infant protein in 6-12 months achieved Chinese standard in four counties.Energy,fat and carbohydrates were lower than the standard (P＜O.05).Apart from the fact that energy,protein,fat and carbohydrates were lower in Yiliang county,no significant difference was found among four counties.The intake of protein and carbohydrates for infants in 13-24 months achieved Chinese standard in the four counties,but energy and fat were lower than the standard.The carbohydrates of infants in 6-24 months was normal and the fat was lower compared with acceptable macro nutrient distribution ranges.The intake of carbohydrates,fat and protein were similar among four counties.Conclusion The diet composition and the nutrient condition for infants are poor in four counties.Health education of nutrition for infants is needed in those areas.