The main objective of human tissue engineering is to grow cells in vivo to promote proliferation and differentiation and replace, repair, maintain, or enhance the functions of impaired tissues and organs. Embryonic stem cells are the first selected seed cells in tissue engineering due to their unlimited proliferation capability and the potential to differentiate into different kinds of cells. In this review will give a sketch of recent advances in the preparation of induced pluripotent stem cells, which can differentiate into many other kinds of cells, by applying different transcript factors including Oct3/4, Sox2, c-myc, Klf4, Nanog and LIN28 to somatic ceils via retroviral transduction.

The self-renewal and multi-lineage developmental potential are the unique properties of human embryonic stem(ES) cells. The growth factors that maintain human or mouse embryonic stem cells are different. Leuckemia inhibitory factor(LIF) does not maintain self-renewal of human ES cells(hESCs). Recently, a few growth factors have been found to be biologically relevant for hESCs functions in vitro, among them the basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) is one of the most significant regulators of hESCs self-renewal. The purpose of this review is to introduce the recent progress in the research on the expressions of bFGF and its receptors and their functions in hESCs.

Objective To further explore the mechanism by which bone morphogenetic protein 4(BMP-4)might be involved in hematopoietic differentiation of the yolk sac.We observed the expression of BMP-4,CD34,CD133 and tyrosine kinase receptors(KDR) in the blood island of the yolk sac at embryonic 3 to 8 weeks.Methods Gene expression was analyzed by RT-PCR and the presence of BMP-4,CD34,CD133 and KDR proteins was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in 57 human embryos.Results In the human yolk sac,we found that BMP-4 was expressed at high levels from the 16th day to the 7th week,and decreased quickly after week 7.The results showed that KDR,CD133 and CD34 largely appeared on the 21st and 30th day,then increased at the 6th week,and decreased quickly after week 7.Furthermore,Ihh,SCl,GATA-1,GATA-2 and PU.1 mRNAs showed that PU.1 was not expressed on the 16th day;however,other factors were expressed all the time.Conclusion The distribution of BMP-4,KDR,CD34,CD133 and transcription factors expression highly suggested that BMP-4 was secreted from the yolk sac which might exert its effects on the specification of human hemangioblast and hematopoietic stem cells from the embryonic mesoderm in vivo through transcription factors.

To investigate the therapeutic effect of peroxiredoxin-6(PRDX6)on ultraviolet-induced corneal injury in rats and explore the mechanism.The rat model of corneal injury was established by exposing to ultravio-let.Male wister rats were randomly divided into control groups,dexamethasone (DXM)groups and PRDX6 groups,the rats were administered four times a day and for 12 days.The corneal opacity was observed with a slit-lamp microscope.Histopathologic changes were observed with light microscopy.The content of corneal malonalde-hyde(MDA)was determined by thiobarbituric acid test and the total antioxidative capacity(TAOC)was detected by chemical colorimetric test.P38 MAPK signal pathway was detected with the method of Western blot and the gene expression of cytokines were measured by RT-PCR method.Compared with the control group,PRDX6 treat-ment significantly reduced corneal opacity,improved corneal pathology injury,decreased the MDA content and in-creased the TAOC.In the PRDX6 group the level of phosphorylated p38 protein was significantly lower than that in the control group.The gene expression of cytokine were different between control and PRDX6 groups(P <0.05).PRDX6 showed therapeutic effect in the rat model of ultraviolet-induced corneal injury.This maybe be concerned with that it could alleviated the oxidative damage,suppressed p38 MAPK phosphorylation and regulate the gene expression of cytokine.

Objective The expression of hematopoietic stem cell and neural markers on placenta adherent cells and their association were investigated,the potential of neural differentiation of placenta adherent cells may demonstrate the relationship between placenta adherent cells and hematogenesis and neurogenesis.Methods Isolated adherent cells in human placenta tissue were stained immunocytochemically with Nestin,MAP2,MBP,CD133,CD34 antibody to detect protein production and induced neural differentiation with ?-mercaptoethanol and retinoic acid.ResultsIsolated placenta adherent cells confirmed to be heterogenous expressed CD133,Nestin,MAP2 weakly and CD34 none.While induced cells showed neural like morphology,strong positive for Nestin、MAP2 and weak positive for MBP and GFAP in immunocytochemical staining.Conclusion Human placenta adherent cells can be induced into neural like cells in vitro with histological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cell(MSC),it provides a new source for clinical application of hMSCs.

Objective The expression of hematopoietic stem cell and neural markers on placenta adherent cells and their association were investigated, the potential of neural differentiation of placenta adherent cells may demonstrate the relationship between placenta adherent cells and hematogenesis and neurogenesis. Methods Isolated adherent cells in human placenta tissue were stained immunocytochemically with Nestin, MAP_2, MBP, CD133, CD34 antibody to detect protein production and induced neural differentiation with β-mercaptoethanol and retinoic acid. Results Isolated placenta adherent cells confirmed to be heterogenous expressed CD133, Nestin, MAP_2 weakly and CD34 none. While induced cells showed neural like morphology, strong positive for Nestin, MAP_2 and weak positive for MBP and GFAP in immunocytochemical staining. Conclusion Human placenta adherent ceils can be induced into neural like cells in vitro with histological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cell(MSC) ,it provides a new source for clinical application of hMSCs.

Objective To understand the quality of care for disabled elderly persons in ethnic areas and its influencing factors.Methods A questionnaire survey was carried out using multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method for the disabled elderly persons in ethnic minority areas,and the relevant factors affecting the quality of care were analyzed.Results The object with different regions,ethnicity,marital status,residence and social support condition,education degrees,health status,the degree of disabilities affecting their life,occupations,income showed different scores in each dimension of care quality.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that other ethnic people with disabilities,unmarried,unemployed/laidoff people with disabilities,disabilities extremely influenced the quality of life affected the total score of care quality.Conclusions To improve the financial aid for disabled elderly people in ethnic areas,attach great importance to the physical and mental care of unmarried disabled elderly people,perfect and establish effective handicapped rehabilitation mechanism,can improve the care quality of disabled elderly people.

Nowadays,the lack of medical humane education is an important reason for the increasingly tense relationship between doctors and patients.Cancer-related pain is a common symptom and self-feeling of patients with malignant tumor,leading to extreme agony.Good pain management will control patients' cancer-pain and greatly improve their life quality.It also needs doctors' good communication with patients,their guidance and cooperation,which highlight the medical humanism,and embody the medical humanistic care.Recent strategies of good pain management advocated by the Ministry of Health will help to improve the humanity character education of clinical oncology teaching.

Objective To study the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic hepatic caudate lobe resec tion.Methods The clinical data of seven patients who underwent laparoscopic hepatic caudate lobe resection in our hospital were retrospective analyzed.There were 3 male and 4 female patients.The mean age was 45.3 years.The primary diseases included hepatic haemangioma (n =2),metastatic liver cancer (n =2),hepatocellular carcinoma (n =1),recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (n =1) and hepatic adenoma (n =1).The total blood loss,operation time,hospital stay after surgery and complication were analyzed.Results The surgery was successful in all these 7 patients and no patients required any conversion to open surgery.Five patients underwent partial caudate lobe resection,and the remaining 2 underwent combined left hemi hepatectomy with partial caudate lobe resection.The operation time ranged from 200 to 250 minutes with a mean of 235 minutes.The intraoperative blood loss ranged from 40 to 600 ml with a mean of 188 ml.There was no postoperative bleeding and bile leakage.The resections were all R0 resections.Conclusions Laparoscopic hepatic caudate lobe resection was safe and feasible in appropriate patients.Familiarity with anatomy of the liver caudate lobe and skilled laparoscopic techniques are important to carry out this surgery.

Objective To study the feasibility and safety of pure laparoscopic right hemihepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma via the anterior approach.Methods The data of five patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent pure laparoscopic right hemihepatectomy at the First People's Hospital of Foshan between December 2013 and December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients'operation time,blood loss,blood transfusion rate,surgical margins,hospital stay,complication and short term outcomes were reviewed.Results All the five patients completed pure laparoscopic right hemihepatectomy without conversion to open surgery.The average (range) operation time was 6.0 (5 ～ 8) h.The average blood loss was 340 (110 ～ 600) ml.No patient received blood transfusion.The average surgical margin was 2.4 (1 ～4.5) cm.The average postoperative hospital stay was 7 (4 ～ 15) d.The average follow-up was 22 (2 ～38) months.Three patients experienced postoperative complications,which included ascites,pleural effusion,and ascites accompanied by biliary leakage,respectively.The last patient recovered well from drainage.No liver failure,cancer recurrence or death was noted.Conclusions This study demonstrated that pure laparoscopic right hemihepatotectomy via the anterior approach is a minimally invasive procedure which has the advantage of fast postoperative recovery.It was feasible and safe to treat hepatocellular carcinoma with favorable short-term outcomes.