Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)guided by ultrasonography for calculi within horseshoe kidneys.Methods From September 2005 to January 2008,44 patients with calculi within horseshoe kidneys(51 sides)underwent ultrasonography-guided F24-tract PCNL in our hospital.Among the cases,single calculus was found in 24 kidneys,multiple calculi were detected in 18,and staghorn calculi in 9.The stones sized(24.4?5.8)mm in length.Results All the operations were completed in one session,single tract was established in 49 kidneys,while double tracts were used in the other 2;31 of the tracts were made through the upper calyx,20 via the middle calyx,and 2 through the lower calyx.The mean operation time was(48.4?11.9)min.The stone-free rate after one-session operation was 88.2%(45/51),3 cases received a second-session PCNL to remove the residual calculi.After the operation,the hemoglobin decreased by(11.3?3.7)% in the patients,none of them received blood transfusion.Postoperative rate of surgery-related infection was 5.9%(3/51).No pleural or abdominal injury occurred.44 patients were followed up for 11.4 months,during the period one of the 3 patients who received the second-session surgery achieved stone-free.The rate of recurrence at 6 months was 2.0%(1/51),and 6.5% at 1 year(3/46).Conclusions Ultrasonography-guided standard PCNL is effective and safe for calculi within horseshoe kidneys.

Objective To summarize the experience of the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hamartoma.Methods Bronchoscopic enucleation of tumor was conducted in 1 case of endobrochial hamartoma, while video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed in 42 cases(consisting of 40 cases of pulmonary wedge resection,1 case of lobectomy,and 1 case of bilateral lesion biopsy).Results Pathological examinations revealed hamartoma in all the 43 cases,including 1 case of multiple lesions and 1 case of hamartoma complicated with lung cancer.The diagnostic accordance rate was 11.6%(5/43).Follow-up in 37 cases for 4 months~ 11 years(mean,41.2 months) showed no recurrence or malignant change.Conclusions Pulmonary hamartoma is difficult to be confirmatively diagnosed preoperatively.Endoscopic operations can give an accurate diagnosis and a thorough removal of the lesion,with minimal invasion and rapid recovery.

Objective To study the characteristics and diagnosis of renal sinus lipomatosis (RSL) complicated with renal staghorn calculi, and report our preliminary experience on percutaneous nephrolithotripsy for the disease. Methods A total of 547 patients with complex renal calculi were admitted to our hospital from January 2005 to June 2007. In 2 of them, RSL complicated with renal staghorn calculi was diagnosed by B-ultrasonography, CT, and MRI. Both the patients were female, aged 42 and 82 years respectively. B-ultrasonography-guided percutaneous nephrolithotripsy was performed on the two patients without removing the kidneys.Results Totally, 7 ml and 5 ml of stones were removed respectively from the two patients by percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. No retained calculi were found by KUB performed one week postoperation. Biopsy of the submucosal fat obtained from the renal pelvis during the operation showed hyperplasia and fibrosis of fatty tissues and inflammatory effusion. The patients were followed up for half a year, during which no recurrence of renal calculi occurred, and no abnormal fatty tissues were found at the renal sinus or surrounding the kidney. Conclusions Imaging examination is valuable for the diagnosis of RSL. B-ultrasonography-guided percutaneous nephrolithotripsy is safe and effective for RSL complicated with renal calculi.

Objective To explore an effective treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia complicated with bladder stones.Methods Swiss LithoClast Master and transurethral resection of the prostate(TURP)were performed on 33 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia complicated with bladder stones.Results The operations were completed successfully in all the cases with a mean lithoclasty time of 35 min(15-65 min),and mean TURP time of 85 min(50-110 min).No blood transfusion,TUR syndrome,bladder perforation,or residual stone occurred during and after the operations.Urethral catheter was withdrawn 5 days postoperation,none of the patients had urinary incontinence or dysuria.The diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia was confirmed by pathology examination.Three months after the operations,IPSS decreased from 23.4?5.2 to 7.4?1.2(t=3.732,P=0.000);maximum urinary flow rate increased from(5.4?1.5)ml/s to(18.6?3.2)ml/s(t=2.491,P=0.015);and QOL decreased from 3.9?1.2 to 2.0?0.7(t=2.454,P=0.014).Conclusions EMS LithoClast Master combined with TURP is an effective treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia complicated with bladder stones.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of endobronchial ultrasound - transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in the evaluation of staging of lung cancer.Methods Between July 2008 to March 2010,the first 128 patients selected by CT or PET/CT scanning with lung cancer in whom metastatic carcinoma in the hilar and/or mediastinal lymph nodes underwent EBUS-TBNA and were clinically followed up.There were 102 males and 26 femals with the age of 37 - 85 years,average 60.1 years.Review the performance in check and the result of biopsy.Results From 128 patients of mean age 60.1 years ( range 37 - 85 ),189 lymph nodes were punctured.The mean diameter of the nodes was 12.3 mm and the range was 6-16 mm.There were no procedural complications.Accuracy,sensitivity,and specificity for EBUS-TBNA were 98.53％,98.50％,and 100％,respectively.Conclusion EBUS-TBNA allows real-time visualization of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes,allowing sampling safely and efficiently.It has great potential for diagnosis of staging of lung cancer.

The nano-magnetic ferrofluid was prepared by chemical coprecipitation and its acute toxicology was investigated. The effective diameter (Eff. Diam. ) of the magnetic particles was about 19.9 nm, and the concentration of the ferrofluid was 17. 54 mg/ml. The acute toxic reaction and the main viscera pathological morphology of mice were evaluated after oral, intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of the nano-magnetic ferrofluid of different doses respectively. Half lethal dose (LD50) > 2104. 8 mg/kg,maximum non-effect dose (ED0) = 320. 10mg/kg with oral; LDs,> 438. 50 mg/kg, EDo = 160. 05 mg/kg with intravenous route; and LDso >1578. 6 mg/kg, ED0 = 320. 10 mg/kg with intraperitoneal administration. Degeneration and necrosis of viscera were not found. So the nano-magnetic ferrofluid, of which toxicity is very low, may be used as a drug carrier.
Ferrosoferric Oxide/chemical synthesis ; Ferrosoferric Oxide/*toxicity ; Magnetics ; Nanostructures/*toxicity

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral erythromycin in the prevention and treatment of feeding intolerance in preterm infants. Methods The Cochrane Library,PubMed,EMBASE,CBMdise,VIP,WartFang and CNKl were searched up to the year of 2008.Randomized controlled trials (RCT) of erythmmycin for feeding intolerance in preterm infants were included.According to the dosage (low-dose,3-15 mg/kg and high dose,>15 mg/kg)and gestational age(≤32 weeks vs>32 weeks),all infants were divided into several subgroups.Meta-analysis was performed with the Cochrane Collaboration's software RevMan. Results Nine RCrs involving 542 premature infants were included.(1)In preventive studies,low-dose erythromycin could significantly decrease the duration of total parenteral nutrition compared with the high-dose erythmmycin (WMD=-2.99,95%CI:-3.99--1.98).(2)Intreatment studies,highdose erythromycin could significantly decrease the duration of total parenteral nutrition (WMD=-7.06.95%CI:-7.91--6.20,P<0.01)and hospital stay (WMD=-8.10,95%CI:-14.02--2.18,P=0.007)compared with the placebo when gestational age≤32 weeks. Erythromydn could decrease the incidence of iaundice(RR=0.36,95%CI:0.21-0.63,P=0.0003)which might be the effect of bigh-dose erytromycin. Conclusions Compared with placebo,oral erythromycin of different dosage might help to achieve full enteral feeding,shorten the duration of parenteral nutrition and hospital stay,and reduce the associated cholestasis jaundice of preterm infants with different gestational age respectively.

Objective　To modify the Guy's stone score system and evaluate the validation of the modified score system in grading the complexity of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and predicting the stone-free rate after PCNL.　Methods　The modified system comprises 4 grades:grade Ⅰ,solitary stone in mid/lower pole or solitary stone in the pelvis with simple anatomy; grade Ⅱ,solitary stone in upper pole or multiple stones (located in 2 or more 2 calyces) in a patient with simple anatomy or a solitary stone in a patient with abnormal anatomy; grade Ⅲ,multiple stones in patients with abnormal anatomy or stones in a caliceal diverticulum or partial staghorn calculus; grade Ⅳ,staghorn calculus or any stone in a patient with spinal injury or spine malformation ( e.g.spina bifida,scoliosis,lordosis) ; kidney dysplasia ( e.g.duplex kidney,horseshoe kidney).It was validated on a database of 145 PCNL procedures performed by a single surgeon in a stone center.The clinical outcomes were retrospectively assessed with multivariate analysis.Results Of the 145 PCNL patients,according to Guy's stone score system and the modified score system,there were 22 G1 cases (15.2％) and 22 SFR cases (100.0％) ; 27 G2 cases (18.6％) and 25 SFR cases (92.6％); 36 G3 cases (24.8％) and SFR(31,86.1％); 60 G4 cases (41.4％) and 49 SFR cases ( 81.7％ ).Showing that the modified Guy's stone score was more accurate in predicting stone-free rate after PCNL ( P ＜ 0.05 ).　Conclusions　The modified Guy' s stone score system can accurately predict the stone-free rate after PCNL than the old system.

Objective To assess the assistance role of three-dimensional reconstruction of stag-horn calculi by 16-slice spiral CT to percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Methods A total of 87 patients with 104 staghorn stones underwent 24 F-tract PCNL. 16-slice spiral CT scan and three-di-mensional (3D) reconstruction by volume rendering technique were carried out before PCNL for tract placement planning, the necessity for multiple tracts and stone burden. Tract placement, tract num-ber, operation time, bleeding requiring transfusion and volume of stone cleared were recorded. KUB was taken to explore residual calculi after operation and thus stone free rate was noted. Results In-traoperative tract placement was according to preoperative planning with 3D reconstruction of calculi. Forty-three calculi were cleared by multiple accesses, while multiple accesses were supposed necessary for 47 caculi. The stone free rate of one-session operation was 87.5%, and the last stone free rate af-ter second-look procedure was 91.7%. The stone burden of 3D reconstruction of CT (19.35 ±19.24 cm3) was significantly correlated with the mean volume of cleared calculi (16.34±13.79 cm3) in oper-ation (r=0. 993, P=0. 000). Conclusion The 3D reconstruction of spiral CT for staghorn calculi could show the precise construction of calculi, which could help to plan tract placement, evaluate the necessity of multiple tracts and stone burden.

Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on proliferation and differentiation of rat embryonic neural stem cells in vitro. Methods Embryonic neuraI stem cells of fetal SD rats were separated from rats with gestational age of 14-16 days , and underwent primary culture for nestin expression. Cells were divided into control group, low-dose DEX group, and high-dose DEX group, which were cultured with 0,1 and 10 ng/mL DEX respectively. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay;the proliferation rate was estimated by BrdU incorporation; the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the proliferation phases was detected by western blot; the differentiation of neuronal cells,astrocytes,oligodendrocyte and neural stem cells were assessed by immunocytochemistry of cell specific markers. Results More than 95% of the embryonic neural stem cells in primary culture were Nestin-positive. Cell viability , BrdU-positive cells and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in low-dose DEX group increased significantly (P<0.05), and decreased significantly in high-dose DEX group compared with control group and low-dose DEX group (P < 0.05). NeuN-, GFAP- and MBP-positive cells increased (P < 0.05), while Nestin-positive cell decreased (P<0.05) in both low and high dose DEX group compared with control group. However, no significant difference was found in low and high dose DEX group (P > 0.05). Conclusions The proliferation of neuraI stem cells can be promoted by low-dose DEX and depressed by high-dose DEX , as well as regulated by DEX of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. DEX induces neural stem cells non-selective differentiation.