Objective To explore the construct validity of collectivism and individualism scale( COLINDEX) and the reliability and construct validity of its Chinese revision;and to study the development of middle school students' value. Methods The revised scale was used and 5875 middle school students were tested. Resuits Two-factor model of COLENDEX was not substantiated by data,while three factors were abstracted by EFA and confirmed subsequently by CFA. Four factors were abstracted from the Chinese revision of COLINDEX, and four-factor model was confirmed. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the total scale (0.90) and four sub-scales (0.84,0.76,0.84 and 0.74 )were all significantly high. MANOVA was performed to detect gender and grade differences of means in the four dimensions of the revised scale. The main effects of gender and grade reached the significant level; however, interaction between them did not. Conclusion Collectivism and individualism, two dimensions of Chinese middle school students' value, were not mutually independent. The revised version of COLINDEX was qualified to be used in further research. The grades on collectivistic items of middle school students were higher than those on individualistic items.

Objective This study investigates the effect of collectivism-individualism on parenting goals of middle school students' parents. Methods COLINDEX and Kohn's Parental Values Survey were used. 378 parents participated in the study. Results Fathers had higher score(3.23±0.73) on individualism than do mothers (3.05±0.44,F(1,359)=5.25,P <0.05);and highly educated (college or above) parents had higher scores(4.00±0.86) than do those with less education(for senior high school:3.91±0.81; junior high school or below:3.83±0.97,F(2,363)=4.72,P <0.01). Regression analysis indicated that collectivism had significant effects on goals of "take responsibilities and adapt to environment" ( P <0.01) and "conform to norm and obey parent" ( P <0.01). Both collectivism and individualism had significant effects on goal of "explore and be enterprising" ( P <0.05;P <0.01). Conclusion Parents with high collectivistic value expected their children to assume responsibilities,to adapt to the society,to adhere to norms and to obey authority. However,parents with high individualistic value encouraged their children to be independent and enterprising.

Objective:To explore the clinical application value of group A Streptococcus (GAS) antigen rapid detection method in children suffering from GAS infection.Methods:A total of 44 733 children with suspected GAS infection who were admitted to the Outpatient and Inpatient Departments of Shenzhen Children′s Hospital from January 2015 to December 2019.Throat swab specimens from all children were collected, and BinaxNOW Strep A Test reagent was used for GAS antigen rapid detection.Among them, the throat swabs of 346 children were inoculated with blood culture medium for traditional bacterial culture, and then the GAS antigen rapid detection was tested.The sensitivity and specificity of the two methods were compared, and according to the result of the GAS antigen rapid detection, its age, gender and seasonal trends were analyzed.SPSS 19.0 software was applied for statistical analysis of the data.Results:Among the 346 children tested by both methods, the results of bacterial culture were adopted as the reference method, the sensitivity of the rapid detection method for GAS antigen was 89.41%(152/170 cases), and the specificity was 94.32%(166/176 cases) compared with culture methods.A total of 44 733 cases GAS antigen were tested in children in Shenzhen, of which 10 024 cases were positive, with the positive detection rate of 22.41%.The trend of GAS antigen rapid detection was consistent with the five-year trend, with the high positive rate of 3-8 years, of which 4-6 years of positive rate was the highest.The two seasonal peaks were evident each year, with peaks occurring in April-June, and November and January of next year.The detection rate ratio of male and female was 1.74∶1, and the gender difference was significant ( χ2=27.93, P<0.000 1). GAS antigen rapid detection rate in different clinical departments from high to low in order are as follows: dermatology outpatient (52.34%), emergency clinic (47.74%), internal medicine outpatient (37.36%), infectious disease area (19.71%), five-level disease area (10.27%), internal medicine area (8.63%), surgical areas (7.34%) and neonatal areas (0). Conclusions:GAS antigen rapid detection method and bacterial culture method have high coincidence rate, and high sensitivity and specificity, and can be popularized and applied in the diagnosis of GAS infectious diseases in children.GAS detection rate is higher in outpatient emergency department and dermatology clinics.There are obvious differences from seasonal and population (age and gender) in the positive detection of GAS antigen.No neonates were found.

Objective To analyze the difference of serum levels of anti-Mullenan hormone (AMH) in chil-dren with different ages and different types of cryptorchidism,and to explore its role in the evaluation of tes-ticular development.Methods 60 children with simple cryptorchidism were selected as case group and 52 healthy children were selected as control group.The levels of serum AMH in two groups of children were measured and the differences were compared.Results (1)The level of AMH in the case group was lower than that in control group (P < 0.05),and there was no statistical significance between two subgroups of >6 to 11 years old children with cryptorchidism and healthy children (P>0.05).(2)The level of AMH in bi-lateral cryptorchidism group was lower than that in unilateral cryptorchidism group (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference between two subgroups of >6 to 11 years old children with bilateral cryptorchidism and unilateral cryptorchidism (P>0.05).(3)The level of AMH in the high level cryptorchidism group was lower than that of the low level cryptorchidism group (P<0.05),and there was no statistical difference be-tween between two subgroups of 3~11 year old children with cryptorchidism and low level cryptorchidism (P>0.05).(4)AMH level was negatively correlated with age,and positively correlated with testicular devel-opment.Conclusion AMH can be used as an important indicator of testicular development in children with cryptorchidism.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the value of ultrasound in diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules with rim calcification. Methods Sixty thyroid nodules with rim calcifications from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer center which were detected on ultrasound from January 2008 to December 2015 were included in this study, and all the thyroid nodules had pathological results. Ultrasonic features of thyroid nodules, including the size, border, internal echo, growth pattern, rear echo, interruption or inner sink of the rim calcification and hypoechoic soft tissue extrusion around rim calcification were analyzed. Results Thirty-seven nodules (61.7%) were confirmed to be benign, and twenty-three nodules (38.3%) were malignant. The ultrasonic features of interruption or inner sink of rim calcifications and hypoechoic soft tissue extrusion around rim calcification, were more often in malignant nodules than benign nodules. The sensitivity, specificity, the positive predictive values and the negative predictive values for interruption or inner sink of rim calcifications were 85.7%, 89.4%, 85.7% and 89.4%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, the positive predictive values and the negative predictive values for hypoechoic soft tissue extrusion around rim calcification were 81.3%, 94.4%, 92.9% and 85.0%, respectively. Internal hypoechogenicity was more frequently observed in the malignant nodules (82.6%) than in benign nodules (40.5%). The longitudinal growth pattern of thyroid was more frequently observed in malignant nodules (30.4%) than in benign nodules (2.7%). The differences of this two ultrasound features were statistically significant(χ2=9.958 and 9.440,both P<0.01).There were no significant differences in size,border and the rear echo between malignant and benign nodules (all P>0.05). Conclusion The interruption or inner sink of the rim calcification could be useful in differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules with rim calcification.

Objective:To investigate the effect of conventional treatment plus long-term transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on consciousness recovery in patients with minimally conscious state (MCS) after traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 60 patients with MCS after TBI admitted to Zhejiang Armed Police Corps Hospital from January 2019 to December 2020, including 38 males and 22 females, aged 19-60 years [(45.7±11.4)years]. Course of disease was 3-6 months [(4.6±0.9)months]. Of all, 30 patients received internal medicine, hyperbaric oxygen, rehabilitation and other conventional treatment (conventional treatment group), and 30 patients received tDCS stimulation on the basis of conventional treatment (tDCS treatment group). The tDCS stimulation contained 4 cycles for 28 days with each cycle lasting for 7 days (stimulation for 5 days, rest for 2 days). Coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R) total score, brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) score and clinical effictive rate (significantly effective+effective) were compared between the two groups before treatment, during 4 cycles of treatment and at 6 months and 12 months after treatment. Complications induced by tDCS were also evaluated.Results:There was no significant difference in CRS-R total score and BAEP score between the two groups before treatment (all P>0.05). CRS-R total score and BAEP score in tDCS treatment group were significantly higher than those in conventional treatment group during 4 cycles of treatment and at 6 months and 12 months after treatment (all P<0.05). CRS-R total score and BAEP score in both groups gradually increased during 4 cycles of treatment and at 6 months and 12 months after treatment (all P<0.05). The clinical effective rate in tDCS treatment group was 73% (22/30) when compared to 57% (17/30) in conventional treatment group ( P<0.05). In tDCS treatment group, 10 patients had local reversible slight redness at the cathodal position, while no other serious adverse effects, such as local burns, ulceration, exudation or epilepsy. Conclusion:Compared with conventional treatment, conventional treatment plus long-term tDCS can be more effective in improving the state of consciousness without serious adverse effects for MCS patients after TBI.

Objective To describe a rhesus monkey model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) established via repetitive unilateral intra-amygdala kainic acid (KA) injection and provide experimental basis for epileptogenic network and related research. Methods Eight male adult rhesus monkeys were randomly divided into KA injection group (n=6) and saline injection group (n=2). Brain stereotaxic technique, micro catheter implantation into the right amygdaloid nucleus, subcutaneous bladder connection, and continuous video-EEG monitoring were performed, and KA or saline injection into their right amygdala was achieved. Interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs), ictal discharges and behavioural performance between the two groups were compared right after injection and within 6 months of first discharge. Results Typical IEDs were recorded in the 6 monkeys from KA injection group after 2-4 times of KA injection, with focal spike waves discharges at the right temple area as manifestation; ictal discharges were recorded in 4 monkeys, with discharge patterns of discharges from the right temple area to the whole brain as manifestation, and during epileptic attack, these 4 monkeys suddenly stopped and dumbfounded without obvious limb seizures. Monkeys from the saline injection group showed no obvious abnormal behaviors. Conclusion Through a modified protocol of unilateral repetitive intra-amygdala KA injection, a rhesus monkey model with high similarity of behavioral and brain electrical features to TLE is developed.