Objective To study the effects and clinical significance of tea pigment on 24 hour urinary endothelin(UET) excretion in patients with early stage diabetic nephropathy.Methods 65 cases of early stage diabetic nephropathy were randomly divided into expermental group and control group.Control group was treated by routine treatment and the expermental group was treated by tea pigment,in addition to routine treatment,and was orally given tea pigment capsule 0 24g three time daily,for 8 weeks.The amounts of 24 hours UET and urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER)in the two groups patients before and after treatment were measured using radioimmunoassay method.Results The amounts of 24 hour UET in patients with diabetic nephropathy were elevated significantly as compared with those in normal control group(P0 05).After 8 week's treatment,the amounts of 24 hour UET and UAER in expermental group were significantly lower than those of control group(P

Until now, the exactly effect of Kupffer cells (KCs) on inducing immune tolerance or aggravating acute rejection is still unknown. Activated by various way after liver transplantation, have the ability of phagucytosis the apoptositic T cells, up-regulated expression of FasL and many Th2/Th3 cytokines, such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-lB. These up-regulated cytokines could induce the apoptosis of Th1 cells and enhance the proliferation and differentiation of the Th2 cells, finally induce the immune tolerance, However, the activated KCs also have the ability of expression many cytokine-dependent molecules,such as class Ⅱ major histocompatibility antigens, adhesion molecule and costimulatory molecules which could enhance the function of the antigen presentation, increase the expression of Thl cytokine and aggravate the acute rejection after liver transplantation. It maybe relate to the ratio of theTh1/Th2 cells determined by the complicated net of the cytokine produced by the activated Kupffer cells: the predominance of Th2 cells could induce the immune tolerance, on the contrary, the acute rejection proceed.

Objective To establish a solid phase extraction(SPE)-high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method for determination of melamine in foods. Methods Melamine in sample was extracted with extractive agent. After centrifugation, the supernatant fluid was purified by Waters Oasis MCX cartridge,and detected with HPLC method. Chromatographic column of TIANHE C18(250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m) was used at 35 ℃ and mobile phase was water(containing 0.01 mol/L 1-hexanesulfonic acid sodium salt and 0.01 mol/L citric acid)∶ acetonitrile = 94∶6 (V∶V) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Injection volume was 20 ?l. Results In the range of 0.80 to 80.0 mg/L, the regression equation was y=84.64 x-6.127 1 with the correlation coefficient of 0.999 98. The detection limit of melamine in foods was 0.5 mg/kg. The average rates of recovery were 88.0%-96.0% and the relative standard deviation was less than 5%. Conclusion The method established in the present paper is applicable to determination of melamine in foods with good precision,accuracy and sensitivity.

The study is designed to investigate if human interleukin 18 (hIL-18) cDNA expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells could enhance the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells from the PBMC of the MFC-bearing patient and how to enhance it.Methods: A constructed eukaryotic expression vector for human IL-18 ,pcDNA3.1(-)/hIL-18, was used to transfect the NPC cell strain-SUNE cells. Then, the transfected SUNE cells were mix-cultured with CD8+ T cells which were separated from the PBMC of the patient with NPC, the cytotoxicity was measured by lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) releasing method, the expression for Perforin, Fas-L and Granzyme B were detected with the mix-cultures. Results: The eukaryotic expression vector could highly express hIL-18 in transfected SUNE cells and only traces of the protein exist in non-transfected SUNE cells. The concentration of hIL-18 in supernatant of the transfected SUNE cells was (85 ? 10) pg/ml, but less than 5 pg/ml of hIL-18 contained in supernatant of the non-transfected SUNE cells.The expression of hIL-18 in SUNE cells could enhance the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells from the NPC patient significantly( P

Biological, psychological and sociological model of medicine substantializes the old model lacking the social humane attributes. The new medical model makes people take medical anthropology into research and highly evaluate traditional medical system. Cultural anthropology of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is part of medical anthropology with three major characteristics: wide research scope, specificity, and integration. It has developed its own research methods, such as field investigation, comprehensive inspection and comparison study. Cultural anthropology provides an efficient research method for TCM, and its application would further develop TCM theory and form comprehensive evaluation on TCM effects.

Objective: To systematically review the efficacy and safety of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Methods: The Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 2009), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (from 1970 to January 2009), MEDLINE (from 1978 to October 2008), EMBASE (from 1950 to March 2009), Chinese Biological Medical Literature Database (from 1978 to December 2008), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI, from 1994 to December 2008), and China Medical Academic Conference Database (from 1994 to December 2008) were electronically searched. We also searched the Meta-Register of controlled trials, Conference Proceedings of American Society of Hematology (from 1946 to December 2008) and Conference Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology (from 1946 to December 2008) on the internet for grey literature. The related journals in the library of Third Military Medical University were hand-searched. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ATO in treatment of APL were included. We adopted complete remission, overall survival rate, disease free survival rate, time to complete remission, relapse rate, mortality and adverse reactions as outcome indicators. Data were entered and analyzed with the Cochrane review manager software 5.0 (RevMan 5.0). Results: After merger of the included trials, five eligible RCTs with 328 cases were included. All the RCTs focused on the comparison of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus ATO regimen with ATRA monotherapy. Meta-analysis showed that the effect indexes for time to complete remission, two-year disease free survival rate, relapse rate, incidence of edema and incidence rate of QT interval prolongation were -1.20 [-1.68, -0.72], 8.64 [1.66,45.00], 0.21 [0.09,0.47], 4.16 [1.46,11.79] and 22.10 [2.75,177.49], respectively. The influences on other outcome indicators such as complete remission and leukocytosis were statistically non-significant. Conclusion: ATO can prolong disease free survival and reduce the time to complete remission and relapse rate of newly diagnosed APL patients, and increase the incidence of edema and prolongation of corrected QT interval during the treatment. Due to limitation of the included trials, this conclusion needs to be validated by further studies.

Qualitative research methods are becoming more and more important in medical research area. Some qualitative researches played important roles in the exploration and the spread of core ideas of Chinese medicine. The report of qualitative research should be transparent and credible according to the standardized report criterion. On the basis of 22 criteria, the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) was developed and published in September 2007. This introduction to COREQ will be helpful to Chinese qualitative researchers and readers in the implementation of high quality of medical qualitative research in China.

Effect of clinical intervention on human body is multistage and multifaceted, involving physiology, psychology, social function and the surrounding resources, etc. Therefore, the range of clinical outcome assessment includes patient, his or her family and care giver. The evaluation of clinical intervention mainly focuses on its effectiveness, safety and health economics. Effects of clinical interventions are measured by comparisons of the outcome of intervention and control groups. Different effect measures come from different comparisons.

Abstract: There are two stages for selecting the clinical intervention outcome variables. One is crude collection and the other is precise collection. The selection methods include brainstorming method, Delphi method, Gordon method, systematic review, systematic analysis method, mathematic model method and so on. Each method has some advantages or disadvantages. When selecting the clinical intervention outcome variables, researchers should make sure the research aim, the representative and the sensitivity of the variables, and select all kinds of recommended methods comprehensively, then decide which method should be used.

Objective To investigate the effect of early enteral nutrition on prognosis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) .Methods Fifty-eight patients with SAP were randomly divided into early enteral nutrition group (experimental group ,n=30) and total par-enteral nutrition(TPN) group(control group ,n=28) .The experimental group was feed by Nose-jejunum nutrition tube and the con-trol group were supported with TPN through central vena .Compared the differences in complication incidence rate ,infection rate , mortality rate ,length of hospital stay and costs between two groups .Results The incidence rate of complications ,infection rate , length of hospital stay and hospital costs in experimental group were lower than control group ,the difference was statistically sig-nificant(P<0 .05) .The mortality in experimental group was lower than control group ,but the difference was not statistically sig-nificant(P>0 .05) .Conclusion Early enteral nutrition support therapy can improve the nutritional status of patients with SAP ,re-duce the incidence of complications ,infection ,length of hospital stay and hospital costs .