OBJECTIVE:To find out an effective way to control the unreasonable increase of drug expenses.METHODS:To analyse and evaluate the role of pharmacoeconomic research in suppression of unreasonable increase of drug expenses.RESULTS:The best therapeutic scheme could be found out by pharmacoeconomic research through the way of determination of the cost and efficacy of pharmacotherapy,and the unreasonable increase of drug expenses could also be cut down in5aspects.CONCLUSION:Pharmacoeconomic research is a practical and feasible way to control unreasonable increase of medical expenses.

Splenectomy for patients with cirrhosis has been well established.However,many issues in relation to postoperative management of these patients remain to be elucidated,mainly including reasons for portal vein thrombosis and anticoagulant use.In light of recent progresses on this topic,the current review summaries and pinpoints influencing factors of portal vein thrombosis,anticoagulant selection and corresponding rationales,monitor measures for anticoagulation,and treatment schemes for bleeding induced by anticoagulation.Our review focuses on issues associated with the selection and withdrawal time of anticoagulant.We conclude that patients undergoing splenectomy can benefit from postoperative anticoagulation,including enhanced postoperative recovery and decreasing incidence of postoperative complications.

Objective To study the effect of danshao shugan granule combined with metformin in treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver and its effects on lipid and uric acid metabolism.Methods 80 patients of nonalcoholic fatty liver who received therapy from February 2014 to February 2015 in our hospital were selected as research objects.According to random number table,those patients were divided into the observation group (n=40) cases in each group and the control group (n=40).The control group was treated with metformin, while the observation group was treated with danshao shugan granule combined with metformin.Then blood lipid level, FBG, FINS, IR, SUA level, SOD, MDA level, therapeutic effect of two groups after treatment were compared.Results After treatment, TG,TC in observation group was significantly less than the control group (P<0.05); FBG, FINS, IR, SUA levels in the observation group were significantly lower than the control group ( P<0.05 ); SOD level higher than the control group, MDA level significantly less than the control group (P<0.05); The total effective rate of observation group was statistically higher than that in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion Danshao shugan granule combined with metformin is well for nonalcoholic fatty liver,which can improve the glucose, lipid, uric acid metabolism and insulin resistance, and can protect the liver function.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of Leprosy Elimination Compaigns (LEC) integrated with routine case- finding of leprosy in the high leprosy- epidemic areas in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces. Methods Extensive health education of leprosy in the community, training of paramedical workers on leprosy, clue survey and contact survey were carried out to make diagnosis and provide treatment. Results A total of 122 new leprosy cases were detected in 6 high leprosy- epidemic counties through LEC in 1999 with a detection rate of 3.7/100 000, but in contrast, the annual number of newly detected leprosy cases was 67 cases with an average detection rate of 2/100 000 during the period of 3 years before LEC. Among the newly detected leprosy cases, about 47％ were leprosy household contacts. Conclusion LEC combined with routine activities of case finding can improve the detection of the back- log cases in the communities. In the high epidemic areas, especially in the remote and difficult- to- access areas, majority of leprosy cases can be detected through combining active and passive case- finding methods, providing extensive health education, improving leprosy services in skin clinic, leprosy contact and clue surveys.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Aged ; Angina, Unstable ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Cardiovascular Agents ; administration & dosage ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Objective To explore the effect of coping style and social adjustment on mental health of undergraduates.Methods A large sample investigation was operated on undergraduates in Fuzhou.Linear correlation and regression analysis and structural equation analysis were used in explosing of the effect of coping style and social adjustment on mental health of undergraduates.Results A 38.9% variance of meatal health could be explained by active and negative coping style,objective and subjective social adjustment.Active and negative coping style demonstrated respectively 59.3%,46.7% indirect effect of total effect through social adjustment on mental health.Conclusion To advocate active coping style and improve college social adjusment were good for the promotion of mental health.

International communication capabilities of traditional Chinese medicine professionals are closely related to the publicity of Chinese medical culture and know-how.Based on the interview results as well as literature research,this paper discusses the qualification of traditional Chinese medicine professionals and proposes five essential elements constituting their international communication capabilities:knowledge and skills of Chinese medicine,foreign language proficiency,knowledge and skills of international communication,a global perspective as well as personal traits.It is expected that it may contribute to the syllabus design,in-service training and talents cultivation in Chinese medical colleges and universities.

Objective To study the influence of progesterone (PROG) on infarct volume and functional outcome and to evaluate the therapeutic value of PROG on cerebral infarction in rats.Methods Health adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham-operated (control) group,ischemic group,vehicle-treated group and PROG-treated group.Permanent cerebral ischemia was induced by occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) using an intraluminal filament technique.Sham-operated rats were subjected to the same surgical procedure,except that the filament was not advanced to occlude the MCA.Progesterone or 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was injected intraperitoneally following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (PMCAO) of rats.Zea Longa test was used to evaluate their functional outcome at 1d,2d,3d after stroke.TTC staining was used to detect the infarct volume at 3d after stroke.Results The results of Zea Longa test showed that there were no functional deficits in all animals prior to ischemia.There were no significant changes in motor function in sham-operated animals across the 3 days assessment period.Both PROG and vehicle-treated rats experienced significant decline in scores following occlusion.However,PROG-treated rats (3.00 ± 0.63,2.83 ± 0.75,2.00 ± 0.89 )demonstrated a gradual improvement in scores compared with ischemic (4.00 ± 0.89,3.83 ± 0.75,3.16 ± 0.75 )and vehicle-treated rats ( 3.67 ± 1.21,3.50 ± 1.05,2.83 ± 0.76) at different times (P ＜ 0.05 ).TTC staining revealed that PROG administration significantly reduced the total infarct volume in the PROG-treated rats ( ( 15.03± 3.75) ％ ) compared with ischemic ( (23.74 ± 4.48 ) ％ ) and vehicle-treated rats ( ( 24.42 ± 7.07 ) ％,P ＜0.05).Conclusions PROG significantly reduces infarct volume and promotes the recovery of neurological functions after pMCAO,which has good therapeutic value for the rat model of cerebral infarction.

ObjectiveTo study the relationship between the plasma level of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and the damage degree of white matter and the changes of cognitive function in patients with cerebral small vessel disease.Methods120 patients with white matter lesions,induced by cerebral small vessel disease,were randomly selected.All patients were divided into group with or without cognitive dysfunction according to the results of MoCA scale.The plasma level of ADMA was detected with high-perfomance liquid chromatography method.Scheltens semi-quantitative evaluation was used to detect the damage degree of white matter.Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the plasma level of ADMA and white matter lesions and cognitive dysfunction.ResultsThere were 42 patients with cognitive dysfunction and 78 patients without cognitive dysfunction.The plasma level of ADMA in patients with cognitive dysfunction ( ( 1.57 ±0.56) μg/ml) was significantly higher than patients without cognitive dysfunction ( (0.89 ±0.23 ) μg/ml) (P ＜ 0.01 ).Scheltens semi-quantitative evaluationfor patients with cognitive dysfunction and patients without cognitive dysfunction was 8.01 ± 2.50and 2.49 ± 0.59,respectively.There was significant difference between this two groups (P ＜ 0.01 ).The plasma level of ADMA positively correlated with the damage degree of white matter lesions and the changes of cognitive function.The correlation coefficients were 0.913 and 0.837,respectively ( All P ＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionADMA may be involved in the process of white matter damage caused by cerebral small vessel disease.The detection for plasma levels of ADMA may contribute to the prevention and early diagnosis of patients with cognitive dysfunction caused by cerebral small vessel disease.

Objective: Enhanced expression of adhesion molecules on synovial tissu e has been demonstrated in patients with dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA). T he study was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms by which the expression of adh esion molecules on synovial cells was up-regulated.Methods: Human type-B synov ial cells were cultured in vitro with β2-microglobulin modified with adva nced glycation end products (AGE-β2m) , native β2-microglobulin (β2 m) , tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）and interleukin -1β（ IL-1β）. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), vasc ular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), and E-selectin was examined by immunofluor esc enct staining and flow cytometer analysis. Results:ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, but not E -selectin, were constitutively expressed on human type-B synovial cells. TNF -α a nd IL-1β enhanced the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in a dose- and time - depen dent manner. Neither of these cytokines appeared to induce the expression of E - selectin. Both β2m and AGE-β2m had no direct effect on the expression of the a dhesion molecules.Conclusion: Elevated level of IL-1β and TNF-α in the synov ial tissue may up-regulate the expression of adhesion molecules on synovial cel ls and therefore promote local monocytes infiltration.