Visual analogue scales(VAS) is extensively applied on evaluating symptomatic outcome data,such as the pain intensity,but currently most of the management of relevant data can't conform to the statistical standard.This article categories the data measured with VAS and the eligible statistical methods,give a specific explanation about analysis of repeated measures data which may commonly misused in practice.It provides a reference criterion for statistical analysis with VAS in clinical research.

Objective To explore the impact of executive function intervention on the executive functioning of elderly patients with cerebral infarction,and to seek the best way to improve executive function in such patients.Methods Eighty elderly patients with cerebral infarction were randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group.A series of executive function interventions were administered to those in the intervention group with no intervention in the control group.The two groups were given the same conventional medication.The Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) was taken before the intervention,then 3 months and 6 months after recruitment.Results In the intervention group the average score and the total standard score had increased significantly after 3 months except for the action program test and the modified six elements test.Both indicators were still significantly increased from the baseline afar 6 months except for the modified six elements test.The average score and the total standard score had increased significantly between 3 months and 6 months except on the key search test.Both the time determination test and the total standard score had statistically significant average differences.The control group showed no significant differences.After 3 months,the average scores and the total test standard scores in the intervention group were signifieantiy higher than those in control group except on the action program test.The rules conversion card test,the time determination test and the total standard score difference all showed statistically significant differences between the groups.After 6 months the intervention group's scores remained significantly higher than those of the control group except on the action program test.Conclusions Executive function interventions are effective in delaying the progress and improving the prognosis of executive dysfunction in elderly patients with cerebral infarction,and the therapy has persistent effects.

BACKGROUND: With the increase of senile population, it needs to further improve their mental health when improving their physical health. To study the depressive status of retired elderly people in order to provide basis for effective community nursing intervention.OBJECTIVE: To investigate and analyze the depression incidence among retired elderly people and conducted correlative factors analysis in order to improve the nursing service to aged people's mental health.DESIGN: Cross-sectional sampling study towards retired senior people.SETTING: Nursing department of a medical college.PARTICIPANTS: This study was completed in Nursing Department of North China Coal Medical College during September to December 2002. It conducted questionnaire survey to 1 000 retired people in Tangshan city by family visit. There were 574 male and 426 female who aged from 60 to 88years old with mean age of 67 years.METHODS: To adopt geriatric depression scale and general condition questionnaire investigation to individuals.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Depression scale score, depression incidence and frequency of correlative factors RESULTS: Mild depression accounts for 17.2% while moderate and severe depression account for 5% among retired elderly people. There is close relationship between factors such as retired veterans, female, low education,lack of social support, empty life, lack of exercise and poor self-assessed health and depression incidence(x2 = 9.80 - 175.93, P ＜ 0. 05).CONCLUSION: The incidence of senile depression among retired elderly people is pretty high so that it is important to pay attention to mental care towards retried people when doing community nursing, especially to divorced, widowed, female and low educated retired people.

The arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) in thymic nurse cells (TNCs) of mice were stained by the method of immunogold and indfrect immunofluorescence, PAP immunocytochemical technique. TNCs of mice were shown immunocytochemical reactivity with antfserum of AVP and OT. The posttive areas were much denser near the cells membrane and around TNC-lymphocytes (TNC-Ls). It was implicated that TNCs might serve as neuroendocrine cells and might play a role in TNC-Ls differentiation via secreting AVP and OT.

It was discovered in this experiment that 3 days after inoculation of the ascitic fluid from P_(388) leukemic mice, the positive percentages of AcP and ?-Gase of the lymphocytes within the TNC of the recipients were increased significantly, while the positive percentage of ANAE was decreased. All the positive percentages of the three enzymes of the thymocytes within the thymus were increased significantly, but no abnormal structural changes were seen in the thymus. No histological and cytochemical changes were found in the lymph nodes and the spleen. Nine days after inoculation, the leukemia cell infiltration, hemorrhage and cell degeneration occurred in all the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen of the mouse. The normal structures of the organs were destroyed. The positive percentages of the cytochemical reactions of the three enzymes in the lymphocytes were all increased significantly. At this stage, TNC was very difficult to be isolated from the thymus. The results indicate that thymus and TNC may have a close relationship with the development of this type of leukemia.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of local mild hypothermia on the ischemic cerebral tissues. Methods A model of middle cerebral artery occlusion was prepared in Wistar rats to compare the difference of the cerebral infarction volume and neurologic function and the serum concentration of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) between the local mild hypothermia group and the normal temperature group. Results It was found that the cerebral infarction volume was 84.90?11.36 and 128.95?13.42 mm 3 in the local mild hypothermia group and the normal temperature group, the neurologic function score 0.95?0.17 and 1.60?0.24, and the serum concentration of NSE 9.19?3.42 and 13.55?4.07ng/ml,respectively. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that the local mild hypothermia treatment exerted protective effect on the ischemic neurons.

Objective To analyze the effect of the changes of hospital diagnosis and treatment mode on the treatment time in patients with acute ischemic stroke before and after the establishment of Cerebrovascular Disease Center. Methods A total of 103 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the Department of Neurology,Changhai Hospital,the Second Military Medical University between June 2008 and December 2012 were enrolled retrospectively. Thirty-one of them were excluded because of incomplete medical records. Finally,72 patients were enrolled as a control group and received series diagnosis and treatment mode. A total of 210 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the Cerebrovascular Disease Center,Changhai Hospital,the Second Military Medical University from September 2013 to February 2015 were enrolled retrospectively. Thirteen patients were excluded (4 patients with recurrent transient ischemic attack were treated with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator,9 without complete data were treated with intravenous thrombolysis),197 were enrolled as an observation group finally,and they were received series diagnosis and treatment mode. The patients of both groups were visited within 4. 5 h after onset and received rt-PA treatment. The time-consuming changes of each time period from onset-to-door,door-to-imaging,imaging-to-needle,door-to-needle,and onset-to-needle time between the control group and the observation group were compared and analyzed. Results Compared with the control group,the door-to-imaging,imaging-to-needle,door-to-needle and onset-to-needle time were significantly shorter in the observation group. There were significant difference between the 2 groups (24 ± 12 min vs. 60 ± 20 min,27 ± 12 min vs. 62 ± 31 min,51 ± 17 min vs. 122 ± 52 min,and 153 ± 69 min vs. 230 ± 81 min,all P < 0. 01). There was no significant difference for onset-to-door time between the observation group and the control group (P > 0. 05). Conclusion The establishment of cerebral vascular disease center and the improvement of the processes have shortened the treatment time in patients with acute ischemic stroke within time window. The time from onset-to-door is still longer,and the propaganda and education of stroke should be strengthened.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of radiofrequency ablation (RF) combined with digital subtraction angiography (DSA)-guided percutaneous ethanol injection sclerotherapy in the management of high-return flow venous malformation (VM).Methods Forty-one patients,who were diagnosed as high-return flow VM with clinical and radiographic evidence,were divided into the observation group (n=19) and the control group (n=22) using a random number table.All high-return flow VM patients received DSA-guided percutaneous ethanol injection sclerotherapy while the patients in observation group were given radiofrequency ablation.The clinical effect,treatment times and adverse effect of the two groups were analyzed.Results The effectiveness of the observation group was significantly higher than those of the control group [94.7％ (18/19) vs 81.8％ (18/22)].The facial paralysis occurred in three patients (13.6％) after ethanol injection in the control group,while the observation group had no facial nerve injury after treatment.The patients in observation group had significantly fewer numbers of ethanol injection.Conclusions RF can improve the efficacy of high-return flow VM and reduce the number of ethanol injection.The scheme is safe and effective.

BACKGROUND: Geriatric depressive disorder is a common psychological disorder in elderly people, and it can lead to the decline of various organic functions, and it also does great harm to elderly people and their family.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influencing factors of depressive disorder in retired cadres and people, so as to provide basic evidence for enhancing the mental nursing in retired cadres and people and reducing the prevalence of geriatric depressive disorder.DESIGN: A sampling survey.SETTING: Department of Nursing, North China Coal Medical College.PARTICIPANTS: Between August and December 2002, 1 000 retired cadres and people living in the urban area of Tangshan city were investigated. There were 574 males and 426 females, aged from 60-88 years, the average age was 67.04 years, 851 of them were married, 10 were divorced and 139 had lost their spouses: the educational level was primary school and below in 159 cases, junior middle school in 362 cases, senior middle school in 280 cases, university and above in 199 cases.METHODS: The elderly people were investigated with the geriatric depression scale (GDS) and individual general information inventory by means of family visit. The investigative purpose and methods were introduced to the subjects before the investigation, and they all signed the informed consent, the form of without recording name was used. The strictly trained investigators were qualified by examination, which ensured the concordance of the investigative results. The pretesting was performed before the investigation to detect whether there were words,sentencesand items hard to understand, so as to avoid the information bias. The questionnaires were filled by the elderly people themselves or by the investigator if there was any difficulty for the elderly people in writing according to the their choice after reading the questions for them.in retired cadres and people of different age, gender and educational level:ferent marriage status.RESULTS: Totally 1 000 questionnaires were sent out, and 1 000 valid der was obviously higher in females than in males (27.0%, 18.6%, P ＜ 0.05).ple with the educational level of primary school and below, junior middle school, senior middle school, university and above were 33.9%, 22.1%,20.0%, 16.1% respectively, and it was decreased with the elevation of emarkedly higher in retired people than in retired cadres (25.4%, 13.6%,higher than in those having or had lost spouse (50.0%, 21.2%, 26.6%, P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: The prevalence of depressive disorder is higher in retired cadres and people. More attentions should be given to the mental health care and social support of retired cadres and people, especially for the divorced ones.

Objective To evaluate the characteristics and efficacy of microscope-assisted bilateral decompression via unilateral approach for the treatment of lumbar stenosis. Methods From June 2007 to June 2010, Sixty case lumbar stenosis with bilateral decompression were treated via unilateral approach under microscopy. Patients were followed up from 6 to 24 months, average (12 ± 4.7) months. Results The pain level of each patient was assessed both before and after the opeartion, using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Intermittent claudication was completely relieved in 57 out of 60 cases, moderately relieved in 3 cases. VAS score decreased from pre-operational 9.08 ± 0.76 to post-operational 2.33 ± 1.43, and there was significantly difference between them. There was no recurrent case during the whole follow-up. Conclusion Bilateral decompression via unilateral approach under microscope is proved to be an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of lumbar stenosis, and have the advantages of minimal invasion, less pain, quick recovery, better effect, little influence on the spinal stability.