Issues related to bioethics research often involve four basic principles , which are the value and integri-ty of the research, respect for human being, risk to benefit ratio, and the justice in subject selection. These prin-ciples contribute to the basis of bioethics for human-involved studies and they are capable of being applied to other relevant fields including complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) researches. The World Health Orga-nization (WHO) guidelines related to CAM studies clarify that the consideration should be taken for the human rights based on different value systems caused by social, cultural and historical problems, and the ethical prob-lem involved in CAM clinical studies should be properly handled in the further studies. Based on the four prin-ciples and Chinese traditional culture, the author attempted to discuss controversial bioethical issues such as the understanding and setting of informed consent, risk and benefit in western culture bioethics in order to analyze possible issues in the ethical review of Chinese medicine clinical research. We hoped that these considerations can provide references to the bioethical understanding of Chinese medicine clinical studies and ethical review on Chinese medicine practice .

Objective To evaluate the reproducibility of normal liver ADC measurements by different respiratory motion compensation techniques. Methods A total of 31 young healthy volunteers who are 20 to 40 years old without any hepatic diseases were selected to research. Each volunteer underwent liver DWI twice in 24 hours with the same parameters and location. The imaging was performed with free-breath(FB), breathhold(BH), rspiratory-triggered(RT)and navigator-triggered(NT)techniques, and the ADC values of the left hepatic lobe and right hepatic lobe (upper, middle and lower) was acquired with two scans. Analysis the the ADC values of various anatomic locations of liver with two-way analysis of variance of randomized block design. Reproducibility of ADCs was assessed with the Bland-Altman method. Analysis of variance and paired-sample t test was used to assess ADCs from both right and left liver lobe among the four techniques. Result The ADC values acquired from the four techniques were significant differences (P<0.01),and the ADC values of the right lobe were less than the left lobe's(P<0.01). It showed a trend to decrease moving from superior to inferior levels in both left and right lobes, and the ADC values among The middle and lower were significant differences (P<0.01). The limit of agreement of ADC of twice imaging among the four techniques were as follow: the right lobe was less than the left lobes, and the breathhold was less the others. As the result, reproducibility in the right liver lobe was better to that in the left and the reproducibility with breathhold was better than the other respiratory motion compensation techniques. Conclusions Both anatomic location and DWI technique influence the liver ADC measurements and their reproducibility. The reproducibility of BH is the best.

In traditional biomedical research, a series of mechanism and measures had been taken for identity protection of data subjects, such as data disclosure in aggregated methods, information restricted in public only after identified variables removal and etc. The purpose of such process was aimed to properly keep confidentiality of health information for the target subjects in research. As the protection of subject privacy was viewed as one of the most essential principle of medical ethics in human research, the effects to fulfill and accomplish such process can help to maintain the trust and support among participants and social public. Currently, such traditional modes of privacy safeguard are widely-applied in genetics and genomics study. However, the universal applicability also causes a number of controversies, and the effectiveness remains to be proven. Nowadays, the risk assessments of data subjects’ privacy call for taking the whole“data context” into consideration, not just self-restricted in isolation and confined to quality control of data disclosure. With the soaring increasing of data resources in research involved human subjects, the issues of releasing genetic data have caused more and more public attention, especially for the sensitive domains of privacy protection. Based on the core problem and principles, this article attempted to discuss the controversial bioethical issues such as data context, data-intruder concept, privacy of data subject, identity control of releasing data, potential risk of individual identification, privacy protection of data subject, and etc. We hope these considerations can provide references to the bioethical understanding of biobanks research and decision-making of ethic review.

Objective　To explore the correlation between CT value of infarcted vessel and the effect of vascular recanalization in acute ischemic stroke.Methods　Fifty-eight patients with acute cerebral arterial trunk occlusion treated by endovascular therapy in our hospital from January 2019 to March 2020 were collected.The CT value of the infarcted vessel was measured on the plain and enhanced CT images while diagnosis,and the CT value of the contralateral or adjacent unobstructed main vessel was measured as a reference.Patients with better recanalization of occluded vessels after treatment were set as group A,and patients with unsatisfactory recanalization of occluded vessels were set as group B.The relationship between the CT value of the occluded vessel and the recanalization of the vessel was analyzed.Results　The average time from onset to thrombolysis was about 153 min.After treatment,the plain scan CT value of vascular occlusion position was compared between Group A and Group B ［(60.78±11.03) HU vs (32.20±7.17) HU,P<0.05］,and the CT value of nonoccluded vascular lumen was compared ［(42.53±6.92) HU vs (42.45±3.75) HU,P>0.05］.Conclusion　In patients with acute ischemic stroke,the recanalization effect of occluded vessel is better in patients with higher CT value at the site of vascular occlusion.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of hydrogen-rich saline on the rheological behavior of leukocytes in mesentery capillary of rats with high-voltage electrical burn .Methods 180 rats were randomly divided into four groups :burn injury plus normal saline group ,burn injury plus hydrogen-rich saline group ,sham plus normal saline group ,and burn injury plus papaver-ine group .The rats were received saline ,hydrogen-rich saline ,saline ,papaverine at different time points after scald respectively .The changes of rheological behavior of leukocytes in mesentery capillary of rats before and after the injury were investigated .Results The rheological behavior of leukocytes in mesentery capillary of the control group were observed no significant change (P>0 .05) . In experimental group the rolling white blood cell count ,the number of leukocyte adhesion ,the length of contact of leukocyte-endo-thelial cell at each phase after injury were higher than those at 15 min before injury (P<0 .05);leukocyte rolling speed after injury is lower than that before injury (P<0 .05) .In treatment group and positive control group ,the rolling white blood cell count ,the number of leukocyte adhesion ,the length of contact of leukocyte-endothelial cell at each phase after injury were higher than those at 15 min before injury (P<0 .05) ,but compared with the experimental group ,the increase range was lower (P<0 .05) .leukocyte rolling speed after injury is lower than that before injury (P<0 .05) ,and compared with the experimental group ,the reduction was lower (P<0 .05) .Conclusion The hydrogen-rich brine can effectively reduce the changes of rheological behavior of leukocytes in mesentery capillary of rats caused by high-voltage electrical burn ,and have a protective effect on rat mesenteric .

Objective: To investigate influences of high-voltage electrical burns on microcirculation perfusion on serosal surface of small intestine of rats and the interventional effects of pentoxifylline (PTX). Methods: Totally 180 SD rats were divided into sham injury group, simple electrical burn group, and treatment group according to the random number table, with 60 rats in each group. The electrical current was applied to the outside proximal part of left forelimb of rats and exited from the outside proximal part of right hind limb of rats. Rats in simple electrical burn group and treatment group were inflicted with high-voltage electrical burn wounds of 1cm×1cm at current entrances and exits, with the voltage regulator and experimental transformer. Rats in sham injury group were sham injured through connecting the same equipments without electricity. At 2 min post injury, rats in sham injury group and simple electrical burn group were intraperitoneally injected with 2 mL normal saline, and rats in treatment group were injected with 2 mL PTX injection (50 mg/mL). At 15 min before injury and 5 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h post injury, 10 rats in each group were selected to collect blood of heart respectively. Serum were separated from the blood to determine the level of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(sVCAM-1) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The number of adhesional leukocyte in mesenteric venule of rats was determined with Bradford variable projection microscope system. The microcirculation perfusion on serosal surface of small intestine of rats was detected with laser Doppler perfusion imager. Data were processed with analysis of variance of factorial design and LSD test. Results: (1) At 5 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h post injury, the serum content of sVCAM-1 in rats of simple electrical burn group were (8 502±1 158), (11 793±3 310), (9 960±2 146), (9 708±1 429), (7 292±1 386) ng/mL respectively, higher than that in sham injury group and treatment group [ (1 897±946), (1 882±940), (1 882±938), (1 888±946), (1 884±942) ng/mL, and (6 840±1 558), (6 742±2 465), (5 625±2 593), (2 373±1 463), (5 187±2 797) ng/mL, respectively, with P values below 0.001]. The serum content of sVCAM-1 in rats of sham injury group and treatment group at all time points post injury, except 4 h post injury of treatment group, was higher than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with P values below 0.001). (2) At all time points post injury, the number of adhesional leukocyte in mesenteric venule of rats in simple electrical burn group was higher than that in sham injury group and treatment group (with P values below 0.001). The number of adhesional leukocyte in mesenteric venule of rats in simple electrical burn group and treatment group at all time points post injury was higher than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with P values below 0.001). (3) At all time points post injury, the microcirculation perfusion on serosal surface of small intestine of rats in simple electrical burn group was lower than that in sham injury group and treatment group (with P values below 0.001). The microcirculation perfusion on serosal surface of small intestine of rats in simple electrical burn group and treatment group at all time points post injury was lower than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with P values below 0.001). Conclusions High-voltage electrical burns can increase the serum content of sVCAM-1, the number of adhesional leukocyte in mesenteric venule, and reduce microcirculation perfusion on serosal surface of small intestine of rats. PTX can inhibit secretion of serum sVCAM-1, reduce the number of adhensional leukocyte in mesenteric venule to alleviate microcirculation disturbance caused by high-voltage electrical burns.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of resveratrol (RSV) on improving cognitive function in severely burned rats and its possible mechanism. Methods 18 male SD rats aged 18-20 months were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group, model group and RSV group, with 6 rats in each group. After successful modeling, the rats in RSV group were gavaged once daily with RSV (20 mg/kg). Meanwhile, the rats in control group and model group were gavaged once daily with an equal volume of sodium chloride solution. After 4 weeks, the cognitive function of all rats was estimated by Step-down Test. The concentration of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) protein in serum of rats were detected by ELISA. The expression of IL-6, TNF-α mRNA and protein were estimated by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was tested by terminal deoxynuclectidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay (TUNEL). The expression of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway-related proteins in hippocampus were assessed by Western blotting. Results Compared with the rats in model group, rats in RSV group exhibited improved cognitive function. Consistently, the rats in RSV group had a reduced concentration of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum, decreased mRNA and protein expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 in hippocampus, and decreased apoptosis rate and relative expression of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 and p-JNK/JNK in hippocampal neurons. Conclusion RSV alleviates inflammatory response and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB/JNK pathway, thereby improving cognitive function in severely burned rats.
Resveratrol/pharmacology* ; Male ; Animals ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Burns/drug therapy* ; Cognition/drug effects* ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood* ; Interleukin-6/blood* ; Neurons/drug effects* ; Apoptosis

OBJECTIVE： To study the effects of ligustrazine on miR-20b/VEGF and BMP2/Smad1 pathways in subchondral bone of knee osteoarthritis （KOA） model rats， and to investigate the mechanism of ligustrazine for KOA prevention and treatment. METHODS： Totally 18 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group， model group and ligustrazine group， with 6 rats in each group. The rats in the latter two groups were used to establish KOA model by intra-articular injection of 4％ papain solution. From the 2nd day after the last injection， ligustrazine group was given intragastrical administration of Ligustrazine suspension （100 mg/kg） 2 mL； normal control group and model group were given intragastrical administration of isometrical normal saline， once a day， for consecutive 6 weeks. After the last after medication， the situation of bilateral knee articular cartilage of rats were observed after exposure. The knee joints of rats were sectioned and stained with HE. The pathological change of articular cartilage were observed by microscope and scored by modified Mankin’s score. mRNA expression of VEGF， BMP2 and Smad1， and the expression of miR-20b were detected by RT-PCR； the protein expression of VEGF， BMP2 and Smad1 were detected by Western blot assay. RESULTS： Model group and ligustrazine group suffered from cartilage injury of knee joint at varying degrees. Compared with normal control group， Mankin’s scores of knee joint and cartilage tissue were increased significantly in model group （P＜0.01）； mRNA and protein expression of BMP and Smad1， the expression of miR-20b in subchondral bone of model group were decreased significantly， while mRNA and protein expression of VEGF were increased significantly （P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， Mankin’s score of cartilage tissue were decreased significantly in ligustrazine group （P＜0.01）； mRNA and protein expression of BMP and Smad1， the expression of miR-20b in subchondral bone were increased significantly， while mRNA and protein expression of VEGF were decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： Ligustrazine can repair damaged articular cartilage in KOA model rats， the mechanism of which may be associated with inhibiting the protein expression of VEGF and activating BMP-2/Smad1 signaling pathway via up-regulating the expression of miR-20b， and promoting the degradation of VEGF mRNA in subchondral bone.

OBJECTIVE：To ex plore the protective effects of Longbie capsule contained serum （called“LBJN”for short ）on the apoptosis of chondrocytes induced by YAP inhibitor verteporfin and its mechanism. METHODS ：Primary human knee osteoarthritis（OA）chondrocytes were extracted by two-step enzymatic digestion ，and then identif ied by toluidine blue staining and type Ⅱ collagen immunofluorescence staining. The effects of 2，5 μmol/L verteporfin alone or combined with 5％LBJN on cell apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Solvent control （0.1％ DMSO）and 5％ LBJN were set. Western blot assay was adopted to detect the expression of apoptosis related proteins （YAP，Bcl-2，cleaved-caspase-3） after treated with 0.1％DMSO（solvent control ），2 μmol/L verteporfin，2 μmol/L verteporfin+5％LBJN 和 0（blank control ），2.5％ LBJN and 5％ LBJN for 48 h. The expression of autophagy related proteins （mTOR，Beclin-1，LC3A/B） after treated with 0 （blank control ），2.5％，5％ LBJN for 48 h were det ected by Western blot assay. RESULTS ：The isolated cells accorded with the characteristics of chondrocytes. Compared with 0.1％DMSO， the apoptosis rates of cells were increased significantly after treated with 2，5 μmol/L verteporfin（P＜0.05），and the effects of the two concentrations were similar （P＞0.05）. Compared with verteporfin alone ，2，5 μmol/L verteporfin combined with 5％LBJN could significantly decrease the apoptotic rate of cells （P＜0.05）. Compared with 0.1％DMSO，the protein expression of YAP and Bcl-2 were decreased significantly after treated with 2 μ mol/L verteporfin （P＜0.05）， while the protein expression of cleaved-caspase-3 were increased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with 2 μmol/L verteporfin，protein expression of YAP and Bcl-2 were increased significantly after treated with 2 μmol/L verteporfin+5％LBJN（P＜0.05），while the protein expression of cleaved-caspase-3 were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with blank control ，the protein expression of YAP ，Bcl-2 and Beclin-1 were increased significantly after treated with 2.5％，5％LBJN（P＜0.05），while protein expression of cleaved-caspase- 3 and mTOR were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：LBJN can block the apoptosis of chondrocytes induced by YAP inhibitor verteporfin ，and its mechanism may be related to regulating the expression of apoptosis related proteins and enhancing autophagy of chondrocytes.