Adenoid hypertrophy is a disease that mostly occurs among children of 3-5 years old. It is caused by repeated inflammation and infection of nasopharynx and its adjoin parts, or the adenoid itself, which will finally leads to pathological hyperplasia of adenoid. With so much information we have acquired about this disease, its specific mechanism remains unknown. In recent years, some researches have indicated that adenoid hypertrophy may have something to do with extra-gastroesophageal reflux, in which pepsin plays a very important role, and pepsin will do a series of pathological damages to the upper airway as it reaches the upper respiratory tract. Based on relative domestic and foreign literature, this paper attempts to make a review about the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and adenoid hypertrophy.
Adenoids ; pathology ; Child ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; complications ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; complications ; Nasopharynx ; pathology ; Pepsin A ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane preconditioning-postconditioning on thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin I2 during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Methods Fifty healthy male Wistar rats weighing 250-280 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10 each) : sham operation group (group S) , I/R group, sevoflurane preconditioning group (group Spr), sevoflurane postconditioning group (group Spo)and combination of sevoflurane preconditioning and postconditioning group (group Spr + po). Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of anterior descending branch of left coronary artery for 30 min followed by 2 h reperfusion in anesthetized rats. In group S the anterior descending branch was only exposed but not ligated. Group Spr received 15 min inhalation of 2.5 % sevoflurane and 15 min wash-out 30 min before ischemia. Group Spo received 5 min inhalation of 2.5% sevoflurane 1 min before reperfusion. Arterial blood samples were taken at 2 h of reperfusion for determination of the levels of MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) , lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) , cardiac troponin I (cTnI), thromboxane B2(TXB2), and 6-keto-prostaglandin (6-keto-PGF1α) and platelet maximum aggregation rate. TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio was calculated. The myocardial tissues were taken for microscopic examination. Mitochondria] injury was assessed by using Flameng score and stereology (Specific surface, δ and Numerical density on area, NA) .Results Compared with group S, the levels of CK-MB, LDH, cTnI, TXE2 and 6-ketoPGF1α, TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio, platelet maximum aggregation rate and Flameng score were significantly increased, while δ and NA were significantly decreased in group I/R (P < 0.05 or 0.01) . The levels of CK-MB,LDH and cTnI, TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio and Flameng score were significantly lower, and 6-keto-PGF1α level, δand NA were significantly higher in Spr and Spo groups than in group I/R ( P < 0.05 or 0.01) . The levels of CKMB, LDH, cTnI and TXB2 , TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio, platelet maximum aggregation rate and Flameng score were significantly lower and 6-keto-PGF1α level,δ and NA were significantly higher in group Spr + po than in Spr and Spo groups(P < 0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane preconditioning-postconditioning can reduce myocardial I/R injury through inhibiting the release of thromboxane A2 and promoting the release of prostaglandin I2 in rats.

Objective To analyse the long-term result and prognosis of 18 FDG PET/CT positioning three - dimensional conformal radiotherapy ( 3 DCRT ) for stage Ⅲ non - small cell lung cancer. Methods Sixty-four cases with stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer (clinical stage Ⅲa- Ⅲb ) were randomly divided into two groups: PET/CT positioning three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy group (PET/CT group) and the conventional CT positioning three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy group (conventional CT group). In the PET/CT group, the target volume and critical organs were sketched according to PET/CT after fusion of the PET and the CT images; the treatment plan was worked out, then conventional fractionated 3DCRT ( total dosage around 40 Gy) followed by field-shrinked radiotherapy to a total dose of 65 Gy or sowas performed ;in the conventional CT group, the target volume and critical organs were sketched according to CT and 3DCRT were performed to the same total dose; All cases were treated with the TP scheme (paclitaxel 175 mg/m2,d1 ,cisplatin 40 mg,d2-4) adjuvant chemotherapy for 6 cycles after the radiotherapy. Results The followup rate was 100%. The number of patients who completed the 1-,2-and 5-year follow-up were 40,20 and 11 respectively ;The number of patients of the PET/CT group and conventional CT group were 23 and 17,11 and 9,7 and 4 respectively. Target volumes of 13 cases in the PET/CT group were changed. The complete remission and partial remission rates of the two groups were 13% 、66% and 19% 、53% (x2 = 0. 33, P =0. 564), respectively. The 1-,2-and 3-year local control rates of the PET/CT group and conventional CT group were84 % 、66% 、53 % an d72% 、59% 、44% ( x2 = 2.36, P = 0. 124 ) respectively. The1 -, 2-and 3-year survival rates were 72% 、34% 、22% and 53% 、28% 、13% (x2 =2. 46,P =0. 117) respectively. The level-1 and level-2 lungs' and trachea's late radiation injury of the PET/CT group and the conventional CT group were 28% and 53% ( x2 = 4. 14, P = 0. 042 ), respectively. The hilar and mediastinal lymph node recurrence rates of the PET/CT group were lower than those of the conventional CT group, were 3% ,25%(P = 0. 026) and 6%, 28% ( P = 0. 042 ), respectively. The main reason for treatment failure was distant metastasis both in the PET/CT group and conventional CT group,56% and 47% (x2 = 0. 56,P = 0. 453 ),respectively. Conclusions PET/CT, as a method of sketching the target of stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer, can improve the radiation treatment plan, reduce the recurrence rate of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes, meanwhile it can not improve the long-term survival rate; Distant metastasis was the main reason of failure.

Objective To investigate the changes of perioperative right ventricular function after pulmonary resction. Methods 45 cases of pulmonary resection were divided into four groups.Group Ⅰwas wedge resection(n = 10), GroupⅡ was lobectomy(n = 19), Group Ⅲ was double lobectomy(n=7)and Group Ⅳ was pneumonectomy(n=9). The changes of CVP, PAMP, PEP/ET, Sa, VTIs, RVSP, Ea/Aa, and Tel were evaluated by traditional ultrasonic and tissue Doppler ultrasonic techniques at different time inter- vals (pre-operation, 5-7 days orland 1 month post-operation), Results Compared with the pre-operation CVP, the indexes of all groups have no significant changes post-operatively. Wedge resection didn' t obviously influence right cardiac after load and systolic function/diastolic function. No evidet changes detected in Tei pre-and post-operatively. However, the indexes (PAMP, RVSP and PEP/ET ratio) reflecting right cardiac afterload evidently increased at post-pneumonectomy or lobectomy group5- 7 days post-opera- tive. All these reflect the decrease of Tei, which was more obvious in pneumonectomy than in lobectomy group. Right cardiac after- load, systolic/diastolic function and Tel index recovered to pre-operative level 1 month post-operation in single lobectomy group. But the above indicators, especially the Tel, were still high in double lobectomy and pmeunonectomy groups 1 morth post-operation.Tei index is positively correlated with PAMP and is weakly correlated with PET/ET ratio and Ea/Aa ratio. Conclusion Pulmonary wedge resection doesn't evidently influence right cardiac function. However, right cardiac diastolic function evidently decreases temporarily at lobectomy group. The systolic function and diastolic funetions decrease after double-lobectomy and pneumonectomy and it's more evident in pneumonectomy group. Though the right cardiac afterloads of lobectomy, double lobectomy and pneumonectomy groupa all increase significantly post-operativlye, only the former recover to pre-operative level 1 month after surgery.

Objective To investigate the relationship between body fat distribution and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in middle-aged and aged population. Methods Two hundred patients received health examination were enrolled into the male group (103 cases) and the female group (97 cases). Visceral fat volume (VFV), subcutaneous fat volume (SFV) and ba-PWV were determined. Results Compared to patients in the female group, patients in the male group had significantly higher VFV values [(3.17 ± 0.84) kg vs (2.30 ± 0.94) kg], and lower SFV values [(15.56 ± 3.49) kg vs (17.69 ± 4.82) kg], In the male group, there existed a positive correlation between ba-PWV and age, VFV, fasting blood glucose,SBP and DBP. In the female group, a positive correlation was found between ba-PWV and age, SFV, TG, BUN, SBP and DBP, while a negative correlation was observed for HDL-C and Apo A1. Conclusion There was gender differences in body fat distribution in middle-aged and aged healthy population. In the male group , age, VFV, SBP, and DBP were the only independent and significant risk factors for ba-PWV. In the female group , age, SBP and Apo A1 were the independent risk factors for ba-PWV.

Basic surgical skills tralning which belongs to the basic course of surgery, is clini-cal basis for the medical students. The teaching practice of basic surgical skills tralning was explored by the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, the theoretical teaching was combined with skills tralning practice, three kinds of means which contalned the model, animal tissues and or-gans in vitro and animal experiment were used to carry out systemic and standardized tralning. Finally, the basic surgical skills of postgraduate in surgery were improved, and the expected alm of teaching was achieved.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of maternal pat with Chinese medicine in episiotomy wound care. Methods One thousand one hundred cases of maternal with full-term,vaginal delivery, episiotomy in the Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from Jun. 2013 to Jun. 2014 were randomly divided into test group and control group. Patients in test group were given routine nursing care combined with Chinese medicine maternal pat to nurse perineal wound,while in the control group were given routine nursing combined with common maternal pat. The data of perineal wound swelling,pain and healing were recorded and compared in two groups. Results The incidences of mild,moderated swelling within 24 h,48 h in test group were 35. 5%( 195/550 )and 6. 0%( 33/550 ),13. 4%( 74/550 )and 1. 6%( 9/550 ),significantly lower than that of the control group( 24 h:51. 5%( 283/550 ),24. 5%( 135/550 );48 h:34. 2%( 188/550 ), 2. 7%(15/550);Z=12. 555,8. 144;P﹤0. 01). The incidences of moderate,severe pain within 24 h,48 h in test group were 12. 5%(69/550)and 2. 9%(16/550),8. 4%(46/550)and 1. 3%(7/550),significantly lower than that of the control group( 24 h:37. 3%( 205/550 ),7. 5%( 41/550 );48 h:20. 6%( 113/550 ),3. 5%(19/550);Z=10. 429,11. 886;P ﹤0. 01). The wound healing rate in test group was 92. 36%,significantly higher than that of control group( 80. 73%,P ﹤0. 01 ). The wound infection rate in test group was 1. 82%, significant lower than that of control group(3. 82%,P﹤0. 01). The incidence of comfort and satisfaction in test group was 90. 18%,significantly higher than that of control group(73. 09%;Z= -5. 614,-7. 345;P ﹤0. 05). Conclusion Nursing lateral episiotomy wound using Chinese medicine maternal pat can reduce the swelling, pain and promote wound healing with convenient and comfortable. Therefore,it is worth of the clinical popularization and application.

Objective To observe the changes of Lipids,FBS,ISI and lipoprotein lipase in obesity-related hypertensive patients and investigate the relationship of abnormal glucose and lipid with obesity-related hypertension as well as metabolic syndrome.Methods A total of 122 obesity-related hypertensive patients and 122 matched normal individuals were enrolled.Blood pressure,BMI,WHR and serum lipids and glucose,serum and adipose tissue LPL were measured.Results The TG,FBS and INS in obesity-related hypertensive patients were significantly higher than those in normal control group(P(0.05)).Correlated analysis showed that serum LPL mass was respectively correlated with BMI(r=-0.64,P

In recent years,liver transplantation donor shortage as one of world medical problems is paid more attention by domestic and overseas scholars.In view of that,heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation emerges which transplants the whole or some parts of a donor liver outside the original liver position on the condition that some parts or the whole of the original liver were retained.As for the liver transplantation with poor conditions on portal vein,reconstruction of portal vein has become an aporia.Based on this,some scholars put forward the theory——arterialization of portal vein(PVA),namely a method to increase arterial blood supply or replace portal vein blood perfusion of liver by establishing some pathes among artery and portal vein or its branches.The research background and current situation of heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation with portal vein arterialization,the transplanting position of donor liver,vessel reconstruction,dynamics mechanism after reconstruction and liver regene-ration are summarized in this review.

Objective To summarize the features of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRi) of hepatic cystic echinococcosis, and investigate the key points of identification and diagnosis.Methods The clinical data of 58 patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from August 2011 to August 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients received plain and enhanced scan of CT and MRI.Hepatic cystic echinococcosis was divided into the 5 types according to the literatures, including unilocular echinococcasis in type Ⅰ, multivesicular hydatid cysts in type Ⅱ, anechoic content with detachment of laminated membrane from the cyst wall in type Ⅲ, calcification of lesions in type Ⅳ and mixed echinococcosis in type Ⅴ.Patients who were diagnosed as with definite or suspected hepatic cystic echinococcosis underwent surgery.The follow-up including observing the recurrence of hepatic cystic echinococcosis was performed by outpatient examination and telephone interview at postoperative month 3, 6, 12 for 1 year and then once every year up to August 2015, and was ended if there was no recurrence for more than 5 years.Results (1) The results of CT and MRI examinations: of the 58 patients, 54 received scan of CT and 21 received scan of MRI.Seventeen patients were detected in type Ⅰ with clear-boundary and low-density cystic lesions by CT examination;MRI examinations showed there were single or multiple, round or oval abnormal signal including low T1WI signal, high T2 WI signal and low T1 WI and T2WI signal of cyst wall.Thirteen patients were detected in type Ⅱ, CT examination showed the daughter cysts of multiple sizes were found in the mother cyst, arranged in honeycomb or wheel shape;MRI examination showed there were lower T1 WI signal in the daughter cyst and higher T2 WI signal in the daughter cyst compared with signal in the mother cyst, and low signal in the cyst wall of the daughter cyst and mother cyst.Six patients were detected in type Ⅲ with capsule in capsule sign and water snake sign by CT examination and ribbon sign by MRI examination.Thirteen patients were detected in type Ⅳ, CT examination showed there were irregular high-density calcified shadow with the performances for return sample or sample volume skins changes.Nine patients in type Ⅴ had more than 2 kinds of lesions.(2) Diagnosis: 4 patients were misdiagnosed by CT examination including 3 with preoperative diagnosis of hepatic cyst and 1 with preoperative diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma of liver, with an accurate rate of diagnosis of 92.6％ (50/54).Two patients with preoperative diagnosis of hepatic cystic adenocarcinoma were misdiagnosed by MRI examination, with an accurate rate of diagnosis of 90.5％ (19/21).(3) Treatment and follow-up: 58 patients underwent surgery, including 40 undergoing internal capsule removal with external capsule suturing (31 with open operation and 9 with laparoscopic operation), 10 undergoing partial hepatectomy and 8 undergoing external capsule enucleation.Of 58 patients, 3 were complicated with effusion of residual cavity, 2 with unclosed external capsule, 1 with bile leakage and then was cured after 4-8 week drainage.Fifty patients were followed up for 12.0-48.0 months with a median time of 27.1 months and a follow-up rate of 86.2％ (50/58).During the follow-up, 1 patient undergoing internal capsule removal had recurrence at postoperative month 8 and was cured by CT-guided interventional therapy using absolute alcohol, and other patients had no recurrence.Conclusions There was a higher accuracy in CT and MRI examinations for hepatic cystic echinococcosis.Honeycomb and wheel shapes are characteristic findings of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in type Ⅱ.The characteristic performances of CT examination for hepatic cystic echinococcosis in type Ⅲ are capsule in capsuleand water snake signs, and characteristic performances of MRI examination is ribbon sign.The ring-like enhancement of edge by MRI examination is an essential of identification and diagnosis between hepatic cystic echinococcosis and hepatic cyst, and irregular calcification is a differential point between hepatic echinococcosis and hepatic tumor.