OBJECTIVE:To provide suggestion and advice for the selection and utilization of essential drug. METHODS:WHO standards for the selection of essential drug and the formulation process of National Essential Drug?Part for Primary Medical and Health Institutions (2009 edition) were analyzed. The significance of theory and methods of pharmacoepidemiology in the selection, utilization and performance evaluation of essential drug were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSION:National essential drug should be selected according to evidence-based medicine and pharmacoeconomics based on pharmacoepidemiology, in order to take advantage of a drug epidemiology-based evidence-based medicine and drug selection based on economics, the study concludes. Dialectical thinking about safety and effectiveness of essential drug should be conducted.

Objective To study the effects of pirfenidone on total enzyme and isoenzyme of liver microsomal cytochrome P450 in rats. Methods The activites of liver microsomal dimethyl nitrosamine N-demethylase( NDMA )and erythromycin demethylase( ERD ) were determined. Fifty-six SD rats were randomly divided into six groups,in which they received CMC,dexamethasone 100 mg·kg-1 ,ketoconazole 40 mg·kg-1 ,pirfenidone 25,50,100 mg·kg-1 ,respectively. After administration for 6 and 12 days,livers were prepared liver microsome,the concentration of proteinum in microsome and shade selection to plasma samples were determined by spectrophotometer. Results After administration of pirfenidone for 6 days, cytochrome P450 was significantly increased in 50 and 100 mg·kg-1 pirfenidone groups,as compared with solvent control group (1%sodium carboxymethylcellulose)(P﹤0. 01). After administration of pirfenidone for 6 and 12 days,NDMA of liver microsome was not changed significantly(P﹥0. 05). ERD of liver microsome was significantly increased in 100 mg·kg-1 pirfenidone group after administration for 12 days(P﹤0. 01). Conclusion Pirfenidone can induce P450 and ERD activities in a dose-and time-dependent manner.

Objective To retrospectively analyze adverse drug reaction ( ADR ) of Yuxingcao ( Houttuyniae Herba ) preparations, thus provide reference for post-market re-evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine injections. Methods The ADR from Chinese ADR spontaneous reporting system database from 2006 to 2008 were analyzed by descriptive statistic method. Results A total of 2 282 reports on ADR induced by Yuxingcao preparations were concluded in this study, and 98.07% ADR of the total cases ( 2 238 case ) were due to vein injection. The main ADR were anaphylactic reactions which injure multiple systems and organs.The most frequent symptoms were respiratory system damage, such as expiratory dyspnea (with the incidence rate of 27.25%).Skin and mucous membrane were the secondly susceptible (with the incidence rate of 21.35%).The ratio of serious ADR in the total case was 13.50% (308 case), rate of allergic shock was 8.37% (191 case), and 22 cases were dead. Conclusion By strengthening the ADR reporting and monitoring, the risk of traditional Chinese medicine injection could be controlled.Safety re-evaluation should be performed to overall enhance safety, effectiveness and quality control of these kinds of medicine.

BACKGROUND: Thoracodorsal artery perforator flap can relieve damage to donor site and avoid bulk in the recipient site,but dissociation of perforating branch took time.Some one believed that it should be done by very experienced physicians and some muscle tissues should be reserved.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the method,effectiveness and clinical application of improved latissimus dorsi flap based on perforator flap conception for reconstruction of soft tissue defects of lower extremity.METHODS: A total of 17 patients needing skin flap transplantation were selected.12 latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous/muscle flaps,3 latissimus dorsi flaps with a few muscle and 2 double-leaf segmental latissimus dorsi compound flaps were designed based on perforator flap conception.According to the territory of latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap,a skin paddle in which anterior underlying muscle and main perforator was designed,extend about to the anterior edge of the latissimus dorsi muscle.An additional latissimus dorsi muscle flap was selected for soft tissue enlargement if necessary.Sometimes,double-leaf segmental latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous/muscle flap,including one muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap and the other segmental latissimus dorsi muscle flap nourished by the lateral branches of the thoracodorsal vessels was selected to repair two adjacent defects.The harvested tissue area ranged from 12 cm×8 cm to 28 cm×17 cm.Survival state of skin flap,together with shape and function of donor site and recipient site of skin flap were observed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Following skin flap transplantation,one case developed vascular crisis that was relieved following re-exploration for vessel anastomosis.All skin flap survived.Second-stage skin grafting was done on one muscle flap wound.All donor sites were sutured directly.After a follow-up of 3 to 18 months in 15 cases,only two cases received two-stage plastic operation because bulky flaps brought some trouble in wearing shoes.Improved latissimus dorsi flap based on perforator flap conception can reduce damage to the donor site and the receipt area bulk.Double-leaf segmental latissimus dorsi compound flaps can repair both heel and toe wound.The versatile latissimus dorsi flap designed using thoracodorsal artery perforator flap conception is an ideal flap for repairing widespread soft tissue defects in the lower extremity.

After the monoclonal antibody drug come out,it has played an important role in the clinical treatment,especially in tumor therapy.With the further understanding of monoclonal antibody,it has been applicated in the food, transgenic animal and plants,plant virology aspect. However,rare research of natural medicine have been reported in China.The monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, which is sensitivity,accuracy,fastness and simpler,can be used in quantitative analysis of bioactive compound in the natural products. It also can be used in isolation and purify effective component of the natural medicine, the pharmacokintic study,the quanlity control, screening candidacate drug and expanding the resources of medicinal plant It is important to exploit and utilizate the natural medicine,and promote the progess of modern chinese medicine.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of TLR4,PI3K and NF-κB on the migration of asthmatic airway smooth muscle cell(ASMCs) induced by airway epithelial cells.MethodsPrimary ASMCs were cultured by the method of cell digestion.Cell culture supernatant of RTE cells were collected by TNF-α stimulation of epithelial cells.Detected the IL-8 and RANTES levels in the supernatant.The effect of TLR4/PI3K-related signaling molecules on the migration of asthmatic ASMCs induced by epithelial cells were detected by Modified Boyden chemotaxis chamber with anti-TLR4 antibody,Wortmannin and PDTC drugs as a tool.ResultsThe levels of IL-8 and RANTES in the supernatant of TNF-αgroups were significantly increased,and that in the 20 ng/ml group was significantly higher than other groups ( P＜0.01 ).Compared with control group,the transmembrane migration of asthmatic ASMCs from other groups was significantly increased (P＜0.01 ).The transmembrane migration of asthmatic ASMCs from treated groups was significantly increased than asthma group (P＜0.01).The migration of asthmatic ASMCs from TNF-α+anti-TLR4 antibody group,TNF-α+Wortmannin group and TNF-α+Wortmannin+PDTC were significantly decreased than that of TNF-αgroup( P＜0.01 ).The migration of asthmatic ASMCs from TNF-α+Wortmannin+PDTC were significantly decreased than that of TNF-α+Wortmannin group (P＜0.05).ConclusionTLR4/PI3K-related signaling molecules involved in the transmembrane migration of asthmatic ASMCs induced by airway epithelial cells and may be one of the mechanisms of airway remodeling of asthma.

BACKGROUND: Stem cell differentiation potential is strongly correlated with culture condition. The alteration in scaffold material surface function, three dimensional (3D) structure, and addition of growth factors can control stem cell proliferation and differentiation.OBJECTIVE: To develop 3D macroporous scaffolds with optimal porosity and porous structure to provide a microenvironment that promotes the growth of multi-potent stem cells.DESIGN: Repetitive measurement.SETTING: Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine.MATERIALS: Healthy adult SD rats were provided by the Experimental Animal Center in Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. Chitosan and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were purchased from Sigma Corporation (St. Louis,MO).METHODS: The experiment was performed at the Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine from March 2003 to December 2006. Using a freeze-drying method, 3D macroporous scaffolds made of different ratios of chitosan-gelatin with bFGF were fabricated that could release bFGF with controlled porosity and porous structure. Bone marrow was obtained from the femur and tibia of SD rats, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated, cultured and seeded on the scaffolds with bFGF. MSCs seeded on scaffolds with no bFGF served as control. The procedure during experiment was accorded with animal ethical requirements.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 3D structure and release performance of the scaffolds were observed by ELISA and scanning electron microscope; the effect of 3D macroporous scaffolds that released bFGF on MSC growth and viability were observed by HE staining, MTT, cell counting and SEM.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in pore size between scaffolds with and without bFGF (P ＞ 0.05). Scaffolds with bFGF significantly improved MSC survival rate, promoted cell adhesion, proliferation, and viability compared with scaffolds without bFGF (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: The results suggest that 3D macroporous scaffolds with bFGF release improve MSC survival on scaffolds,and lay a foundation for its application in tissue engineering.

As an important medical instrument in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, endovascular stents must have excellent biocompatibility. In this paper, after a description of the performance and fabrication process of stents, we analyzed the technology to improve the biocompatibility of stents during the fabrication process which is the effective method for decreasing the rate of restenosis.
Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; Animals ; Coronary Disease ; therapy ; Coronary Restenosis ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Stents

Malignant tumor poses a threat to human health and life. The incidence and fatality rate of malignant tumor have been on the rise. The currently available therapies are radiotherapy and chemotherapy， which cause severe adverse reactions and irreversible damage and thus influence the quality of life of patients. Therefore， it is urgent to find new， safe and effective antitumor drugs. Chinese medicinals are safe with little adverse reactions and long-lasting effect in the treatment of tumor， which have attracted the attention of scholars. Amid the advancement of medical research， more and more anti-tumor components have been extracted from Chinese medicinals. Phellinus is a valuable Chinese medicinal material， and the chemical components mainly include polysaccharides， flavonoids， triterpenes， and polyphenols， which have anti-inflammatory， hypoglycemic， liver-protecting， and anti-tumor effect. The chemical components of Phellinus can inhibit various malignant tumors such as lung cancer， gastric cancer， colon cancer， and melanoma. It exerts the anti-tumor effect by inhibiting proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells， inducing apoptosis and autophagy of the cells， suppressing tumor angiogenesis， and regulating the immunity. In addition， it can enhance efficacy， reduce toxicity， and boost the sensitivity in the radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this paper， articles were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Web of Science， Pubmed， and Google Scholar with keywords such as "Phellinus， chemical components， and anti-tumor"， and then the chemical components of Phellinus and the anti-tumor mechanisms were summarized. The findings are expected to lays a basis for further development and clinical application of this medicinal.

Clopidogrel was believed to be superior to aspirin by the well-known CAPRIE trial. However, no other large clinical trials demonstrated the same results, but all focused on the combination use of clopidogrel with aspirin, and combination therapy in CREDO was called the "Emperor's New Clothes". However, no one overturned the results of these clinical trials by quantitatively analyzing them. We reviewed ten large-scale clinical trials about clopidogrel. On the basis of results of CAPRIE, CREDO and CHARISMA trials, we re-estimated their minimal sample sizes and their powers by three well-established statistical methodologies. From the results of CAPRIE, we inferred that the minimal sample size should be 85 086 or 84 968 but its power was only 30.70%. A huge gap existed. The same was also true of CREDO and CHARISMA trials. Moreover, in CAPRIE trial, 0 was included in the 95% confidence interval and 1 was included in the 95% confidence interval for the relative risk. There were some paradoxical data in CAPRIE trial. We are led to conclude that the results in CAPRIE, CREDO, and from the subgroup analysis in CHARISMA trials were questionable. These results failed to demonstrate that clopidogrel was superior to aspirin or that clopidogrel used in combination with aspirin was better than aspirin alone. The cost-effectiveness analyses by some previous studies were not reliable.