Objective To investigate the developmental profiles on surface expression and distribution of NMDA receptor clusters especially on dendritic structures in cultured hippocampal neurons of rats. Methods A vector expressing green fluorescent protein N-terminally tagged NR1a subunit(GFP-NR1a) was generated and transfected into cultured hippocamplal neurons at 5 days in vitro (DIV 5).Surface expressed GFP-NR1a containing NMDA receptor clusters was then labeled in living neurons by using anti-GFP primary antibody followed by Cy3-conjugated secondary antibody.Furthermore,distribution of the surface clusters was observed on the detailed dendritic structures visualized with co-expression of cyan fluorescent protein(CFP). Results Punctate green flourescence clusters can be seen throughout the neurons transfected with GFP-NR1a and surface staining of living neurons showed that the most of these flourescence clusters on dendritic arbors were surface expressed in mature neurons.In parallel,no significant difference was found in terms of density of the surface NMDA clusters on dendritic trees in neurons at different developmental stage.Interestingly,at DIV 7,surface NMDA receptor clusters were mostly observed on the dendritic shafts,but rarely on filopodia.In contrast,two weeks later about 50% of clusters were found located at the dendritic spines.Conclusion This study shows that surface NMDA receptor clusters are distributed in a differentiated way related to dendritic structures during neural development.Especially at very early developmental stage,no clusters was found presented on filopodia,instead they were extensively clustered with a density estimated to be not significantly different from mature neurons.Therefore,our results suggested that NMDA receptors are likely to be incorporated or recruited to postsynaptic sites in the form of pre-expressed surface cluster on dendritic shafts during glutamatergic synapse formation.

Objective To investigate whether the partially C-terminal deletion of NR2A subunit alters the surface expression and channel function of NMDA receptors in both HEK293 cells and cultured hippocampal neurons of rats. Methods Four plasmids for NR2A mutants with N-terminally GFP-tagged and C-terminal deletion NR2A?C1(?897L-1017S),NR2A?C2(?1024D-1142P),NR2A?C3(?1149D-1347G),and NR2A?C4(?1354S-1464V) were generated,and transfected into HEK293 cells and hippocampal neurons in culture.Surface staining was performed using anti-GFP antibody and Cy3 conjugated secondary antibody.Glutamate evoked currents were also detected using whole-cell recording. Results Positive surface staining was found for all the HEK293 cell co-transfected NR1-1a/NR2A?C1,NR1-1a/NR2A?C2,NR1-1a/NR2A?C3 or NR1-1a/NR2A?C4,and quantitative analysis showed no significant decrease in surface expression level when compared to that from NR1-1a/NR2A transfection.Glutamate-evoked currents were recorded in HEK293 cells co-transfected with NR1-1a/NR2A?C2 or NR1-1a/NR2A?C4.Surface expression level of NMDA receptor clusters on dendrites was significantly decreased in the neurons transfected with NR2A?C1,NR2A?C2 or NR2A?C3 than in those transfected with NR2A.Conclusion C-terminal deletion of NR2A subunit differentially effects surface expression of NMDA receptors in HEK293 cells and in hippocampal neurons in culture.

Objective To investigate the outcome of problem-based learning applied in neurophysiology therapy (NPT) teaching. Methods73 students were divided into trial group (n=37, with PBL) and control group (n=36, with routine teaching). They were surveyed withself-designed questionnaire and the test. Results The achievement was not significantly different between both groups in the objective questions (P>0.05), but was better in the case analysis questions in trial group (P<0.05). The trial group satisfied in PBL. Conclusion PBL canimprove the ability of solving problems in the students.

Objective To explore the association of anti-mullerian hormone(AMH)in seminal plasma and serum with sperm counts and energy for male.Methods For 215 cases of healthy male selected from our reproductive clinic,with women′s reason for infertility,seminal plasma and serum AMH were detected,as semen parameters(sperm density,living rate,vitality and malformation rate),6 items of serum sex hormone.In seminal plasma and serum AMH respectively as the dependent variable,using multiple line-ar regression model to explore its quantitative relation with semen parameters and sex hormone levels.Results 215 cases were en-rolled,aged 34.28±5.70 years,while the median of the seminal plasma AMH was 0.47,quartile 0.05-3.09 pmol/ejaculation.The median of the serum AMH was 53.07,quartile 32.32 -72.20 pmol/L.Through multiple linear regression analysis,after adjusted by age and BMI,the seminal plasma of AMH and total number of sperm,sperm concentration,dynamic motility,total sperm activi-ty,serum inhibin B were positively correlated(P <0.05);The correlation between sperm morphology and other serum sex hormone had no statistical significance(P >0.05);Serum AMH negatively correlated with serum FSH,with serum inhibin B positively(P <0.05);Seminal plasma in various parameters and other related serum sex hormone had no statistical significance(P >0.05).Conclu-sion The seminal plasma of AMH were positively correlated with sperm concentration,sperm counts,sperm vitality,with the asso-ciation for serum AMH not yet found.

Objective To evaluate the effects of stepwise and fine-grained dietary management on the diet control of liver cirrhosis patients complicated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Methods Eighty liver cirrhosis patients complicated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage were assigned to experimental group (41 cases) and control group(39 cases) by random digits table method. The patients in experimental group were treated with stepwise and fine-grained dietary management and the patients in control group were given conventional dietary treatments. The compliance diet, mastery of nutrition knowledge, malnutrition risk at admission, intake food, discharge and 2 months after discharge between two groups were monitored. The incidence of rebleeding was tracked after 1 year of discharge. Results The incidence of malnutrition risk in Child-Pugh class C was higher than that in Child-Pugh class B( Z=-4.3, P<0.05 ) . The incidence of malnutrition risk in patients with high education level was lower than that in patients with lower education( r=-0.453, P<0.05 ). The experimental group significantly outperformed control group in mastery of nutrition knowledge at discharge:80(70, 84) points vs. 52(42, 64) points, in compliance diet and malnutrition risk after 2 months after discharge:86(76, 91)%vs. 53(46,57)%, 1(1, 2) points vs. 2(1,3) points, the rebleeding rate in experimental group was significantly less than that in control group within 1 year after discharge 14.6%(6/41) vs. 35.9%(14/39), and the differences were statistically significant between two groups ( χ2 = 4.226- 51.232, all P < 0.05 ). Conclusions Stepwise and fine-grained dietary management can improve the mastery of nutrition knowledge, compliance diet and nutritional status, and reduce the occurrence of rebleeding, worth popularizing further in clinical care of liver cirrhosis patients complicated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Objective To study the therapeutic effect of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy after operation in patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of parotid gland,and to screen the indicators ralated to the prognosis of tumor.Methods Eighty patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of parotid gland in First People′Hospital of Yibin of Sichuan Province from January 2005 to December 2009 were analysed retrospectively in our research.We studied the survival of patients who were treated wtih simple operation(30 cases)or postoperative adjuvant therapy(50 cases).Then we further analyzed the relationships between the prognosis of the patients and some variables (age,gender,smoking,alcohol drinking,lymph node metastasis,distant organ metastasis,treat-ment method,differentiation degree and T grading).Results Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients with postoperative adjuvant therapy had longer PFS and OS than those without adjuvant therapy (94.4 months vs 69.3 months;114.9 months vs 96.7 months),with statistical significance (χ2 =11 .246,P =0.001 ;χ2 =15.803,P =0.001 ).COX univariate analysis showed that gender (χ2 =22.346,P =0.000),smoking (χ2 =7.891 ,P =0.041 ),lymph node metastasis (χ2 =12.371 ,P =0.005),distant organ metastasis (χ2 =9.81 3, P =0.002),treatment method (χ2 =25.261 ,P =0.000),differentiation degree (χ2 =4.361 ,P =0.006)and T grading (χ2 =5.336,P =0.01 4)were related to the PFS of patients.COX multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis (χ2 =11 .003,RR =2.827,95%CI:1 .965-3.851 ,P =0.011 ),distant organ metastasis (χ2 =7.611 ,RR =0.472,95%CI:0.240-0.775,P =0.016),treatment method (χ2 =24.542,RR =5.390, 95%CI:3.585-9.602,P =0.000),degree of differentiation (χ2 =3.221 ,RR =2.1 1 8,95%CI:1 .845-4.719, P =0.009)and T grading (χ2 =4.336,RR =0.804,95%CI:0.681 -0.916,P =0.024)were related to the PFS of patients.COX univariate analysis showed that smoking (χ2 =4.551 ,P =0.008),alcohol drinking (χ2 =11 .742,P =0.048),lymph node metastasis (χ2 =14.886,P =0.009),distant organ metastasis (χ2 =6.71 3, P =0.005),treatment method (χ2 =22.411 ,P =0.000),degree of differentiation (χ2 =8.1 16,P =0.012)and T grading (χ2 =14.443,P =0.035)were related to the OS of patients.COX multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis (χ2 =11 .711 ,RR =2.985,95%CI:1 .521 -3.999,P =0.005),distant organ metastasis (χ2 =5.390,RR =0.400,95%CI:0.201 -0.793,P =0.009),treatment method (χ2 =19.327,RR =5.086, 95%CI:3.241 -8.006,P =0.000),degree of differentiation (χ2 =7.084,RR =2.301 ,95%CI:1 .908-4.503, P =0.001 )and T grading (χ2 =1 3.229,RR =0.561 ,95%CI:0.348-0.867,P =0.040)were related to the OS of patients.Conclusion Adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy can obviously prolong the PFS and OS for the patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of parotid gland.Lymph node metastasis,distant organ metastasis,treat-ment method,differentiation degree and T grading can greatly influence the prognosis of patients with mucoepider-moid carcinoma of parotid gland,which can be used as independent prognostic indicators for the patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of parotid gland.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of phloroglucinol in treatment of abdominal pain caused by acute gastroenteritis.Three hundred patients with acute abdominal pain were randomly assigned to receive 80 mg intravenous infusion of phloroglucinol injection ( treatment group,n =150 ) or 10 mg anisodamine injection (control group,n =150).The pain intensity was estimated by the VAS scores before and after the injection,meanwhile adverse reactions were also recorded.The results showed that the pain intensity was relieved significantly after 1h of the injection in both groups(P ＜0.01).The effective rate of phloroglucinol was 84.1％ (126/150),while that of anisodamine was 80.0％ (120/150).The adverse reactions of treatment group were lower than that of control group( all P ＜0.01).The results indicate that phloroglucinol can effectively relieve abdominal pain caused by acute gastroenteritis with safety.

Objective To study the clinical efficacy of Bushen Huoxue Tongluo Recipe in the treatment of type 2 diabetes with hypertension, to provide more basis for clinical treatment.Methods64 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with hypertension were selected in our hospital from July 2014 to November 2015.They were divided into two groups, each group was 32.The control group was treated with western medicine, the observation group was treated with Bushen Huoxue Tongluo recipe, and the therapeutic effects of the two groups were observed and compared.ResultsThe total effective rate of the two groups has significantly difference, and the incidence of complications of the two groups also has statistical difference (P<0.05).ConclusionThe treatment of Bushen Huoxue Tongluo recipein in type 2 diabetes with hypertension, has good effect, was very useful to change symptoms of patients, improve the clinical treatment effect of patients.It is conducive to the recovery of patient.

Objective To obtain information on the application value of percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration(PESA) and percutaneous testicle sperm aspiration(PTSA) in the differentiating diagnosis of obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia.Methods Sperm recovery procedures were done in infertile men with obstructive azoospermia(OA)(n=37) and nonobstructive azoospermia(NOA)(n=28) by PESA or PTSA.Cytological smears were analysed.Results Sperm was found in the 32 epididymides and 5 testicles of OA group and in the 7 epididymides and 11 testicles of NOA group.Sperm counts were significantly different in two groups.Conclusion PESA and PTSA are efficient methods in differentiating OA and NOA.

Objective To observe the effect and mechanism of Pingwei Xiaodao Capsule (Capsule for functional dyspepsia) on the gastric motility of functional dyspepsia (FD) model rats.Methods Totally 60 wistar rats were randomized into a blank control group (normal group),model group,domperidone group,Pingwei Xiaodao Capsule large,medium,and small dosage groups.Except for the normal group,the rats of all other groups were irritated by clamping tails for making FD models.Then,the treatment was given for 7 days.The comparative observation was carried out on the gastric interdigestive myoelectric complex (IMC),slow wave frequency variation coefficient,abnormal rhythm index,and gastric emptying rate of all groups.Results Compared with the model group,the IMC period of domperidone group and all Pingwei Xiaodao Capsule groups was shortened,phase Ⅲ prolonged,incidence of phase Ⅲ increased(P