Objective To optimize ultrasonic-assisted extraction Epimedin C and Icariin from Epimedii Wushanensis Herba by response surface methodology. Methods On the basis of single factor tests, Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology were adopted to optimize extraction conditions with the concentration of ethanol, ultrasonic time and solid-liquid ratio as factors. HPLC was used to determine the content of Epimedin C and Icariin from Epimedii Wushanensis Herba. Results Optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction technology was as following: the concentration of ethanol was 73%; the ultrasonic time was 22 min; the ratio of liquid to material was 1:32. The contents of Epimedin C and Icariin from Epimedii Wushanensis Herba were 15.90% and 0.75%, respectively. Conclusion This extraction technology can improve the extraction efficiency of Epimedin C and Icariin from Epimedii Wushanensis Herba, which is in accordance with predicted value.

BACKGROUND:Lymph-targeted tracing and therapy based on carbon nanotubes have been one of the hottest researches on targeting tumor diagnosis and treatment. To evaluate the accumulation of carbon nanotubes in axil ary lymph node can provide experimental evidences for developing nano-tracers and drug carriers which are more lymph-specific and more biocompatible. OBJECTIVE:To study the accumulation of the intravenously injected carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes in axil ary lymph nodes of Sprague-Dawley rats, and to evaluate their effect on blood cel s. METHODS:Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups. Rats in testing group were injected with carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes suspension (2 mg/kg), while those in control group were injected with 5%glucose solution (1 mL/kg), both through the tail vein, three times per week. Four periods of 7, 60, 90 and 120 days were set (the 120-day period referred to 90 days of administration fol owed by 30 days of drug withdrawal). At the end of each period, eight rats from each group were randomly picked out, to col ect blood samples via the abdominal aorta for blood routine test. Final y the axil ary lymph nodes were observed, and the lymph node samples of rats in the testing group were col ected and analyzed at 120 days by transmission electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group, black staining of axil ary lymph nodes of rats in testing group was not obvious at the end of the 7-day period. However, with the increase of the dosing periods, the lymph nodes of the rats in the testing group became enlarged, firm and black stained, coupled with a significant rising in the percentage of blood neutrophils. After 30 days of drug withdrawal, the size of the rat axil ary lymph nodes was reduced and black staining partly faded, with the decreasing of blood neutrophil percentage. Under the transmission electron microscope, abundant carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes were uptaken by lymphocytes to form a large number of phagocytic vacuoles after drug withdrawal for 30 days. It indicates that the short-term tracing of rat axil ary lymph nodes by carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes injected through the tail vein is relatively weak, while the long-term intravenous injection can cause their accumulation in rat axil ary lymph nodes, coupled with the increase of neutrophils;after drug withdrawal, the carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes can be slowly cleared by the lymph nodes.

OBJECTIVETo study the pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), ferulic acid and their compatibility.

METHODTwenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: TMP 20 mg x kg(-1), ferulic acid 20 mg x kg(-1) and TMP 20 mg x kg(-1) + ferulic acid 20 mg x kg(-1). All the rats were given intragastric administration then blood samples were obtained from fossa orbitalis at several time points. All the plasmas concentrations were analyzed by HPLC method and the data were treated by DAS 2.0 program.

RESULTThe main pharmacokinetics parameters of TMP 20 mg x kg(-1) group, ferulic acid 20 mg x kg(-1) and TMP 20 mg x kg(-1) + ferulic acid 20 mg x kg(-1) were as follows: t(max) 0.5 h, t1/2 0.856 h,MRT 1.321 h, AUC 5.112 microg x h(-1) x L(-1), C(max) 2.834 microg x L(-1); t(max) 0.083 h, t1/2 1.024 h, MRT 1.324 h, AUC 1.581 microg x h(-1) x L(-1), C(max) 1.492 microg x L(-1); t(max) 0.583 h, t1/2 37.901 h, MRT 3.798 h, AUC 4.097 microg x h(-1) x L(-1), C(max)1.571 microg x L(-1); t(max) 0.6 h, t1/2 7.860 h, MRT 2.894 h, AUC 1.984 microg x h(-1) x L(-1), C(max) 1.03 microg x L(-1), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe experiments suggested that the compatibility of TMP and ferulic acid had interaction in pharmacokinetics; all the t1/2 and MRT were prolonged and had the effect of lente liberates.

Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Calibration ; Coumaric Acids ; pharmacokinetics ; Female ; Linear Models ; Pyrazines ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reproducibility of Results

Objective To treat radial head fractures with open reduction and internal fixation, removal of the radial head and artificial joint replacement based on different fracture types to discuss the outcome of these methods and summarize optimal strategy for treatment of radial head fractures. Meth-ods A retrospective study was done on data of 47 patients with 48 radial head fractures treated in our de-partment from November 1999 to May 2008. Among them, nine patients were treated conservatively (all type Mason Ⅰ fractures), 28 treated with open reduction and internal fixation (one patient with type Ma-son Ⅰ fracture, 14 with type Mason Ⅱ and 13 with type Mason Ⅲ), eight with removal of radial head (three patients with type Mason Ⅲ fractures and five with type Ⅳ) and three with artificial joint replace-ment (all type Mason Ⅳ fractures). Results All patients were followed up for average 2.8 years (1-4.4 years). Two patients treated with artificial joint replacement were followed up for six months and three months respectively. According to the Mayo Elbow Performance Index, the excellence rate was 8/9 in conservative treatment, 82% (23/28) in open reduction and internal fixation, 6/8 in removal of the radial head and 3/3 in artificial joint replacement respectively. Conclusions The radial head fracture should be given anatomical reduction for early functional exercise. Conservative treatment can be used for type Mason Ⅰ fractures, open reduction and internal fixation for type Mason Ⅱ , type Mason Ⅲ fractures and part of type Mason Ⅳ fractures. The removal of radial head or mental prosthesis replacement are al-ternative for parte of type Mason Ⅳ fractures that can not attain stable fixation through open reduction and internal fixation.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics and perioperative management of hemophilia patients with fracture.Methods:Retrospectively, we analyzed 8 patients with hemophilia combined with fracture, who were admittted to our department from 2005 to 2013.Six patients were with hemophilia A and two with hemophilia B;Based on the severity of hemophilia, 2 cases were light, 3 moderate and 3 severe;Based on the location of fracture, 4 cases were femoral neck fractures, 1 femoral intertrochanteric fracture, 1 bilateral distal femur fractures, 1 tibiofibula fracture, and 1 humerus intercondylar fracture. Blood coagulation factor replacement therapy was conducted preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoper-atively, All the patients underwent closed or open reduction and internal fixation or joint replacement. Also, we analyzed the perioperative complications and observed whether the fracture healed.Results:The average age was 33.5 years (14 to 47 years); In 6 cases, fractures occurred at femur, accounting for 75%of all the fractures; Femoral neck fracture was treated by closed reduction and hollow screws fixation;Femoral intertrochanteric fracture, distal femur fracture, and tibiofibula fracture were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with plate;Humerus intercondylar fracture was treated by elbow joint replacement.Intraoperative bleeding was from 50 to 600 mL, an average of 262 mL;Perioperatively, the average use of FⅧ/activated prothrombin complex concentrates ( APCC) was 358 U/kg (125 to 554 U/kg) .Postoperatively, poor wound healing was observed in 2 patients, and the condition improved after symptomatic treatment; In patients with internal fixation, all the fractures united, and the average hea ling time was 14 weeks.No complications such as fixation loosening or rupture occurred after internal fixation.Conclusion:Hemophilia combined with fracture mainly occurred in the young, and the site of fracture was given priority to femur.With perfect preoperative preparation, on the basis of the replace-ment therapy, hemophilia combined with fractures was safe for surgical treatment, and postoperative frac-tures healing wasgood.But the risk of poor wound healing was high.

OBJECTIVETo analyze a girl with moderate mental retardation and speech and language disorders with cytogenetics technique and next-generation sequencing (NGS).

METHODSG-banding chromosome analysis was used to ascertain the karyotype of the child and her parents, and NGS was used for determining the size and origin of the abnormal chromosome fragment. Mate-pair and PCR were used to determine its parental origin.

RESULTSThe karyotype of the child was determined to be 46,XX,add(1)(q44)dn, while her parents were both normal. NGS revealed that the child has harbored a partial trisomy of 6q24.3-q27, and the breakpoint was mapped to at 6q24.3q27. In addition, a 2.5 Mb microdeletion at 1q44 was found in the patient.

CONCLUSIONNo recognizable phenotype was associated with 1q44 deletion. The abnormal phenotypes presented by the child may be attributed to the 6q24.3-q27 triplication. Compared with conventional cytogenetic analysis, NGS has a much higher resolution and great accuracy.

Adult ; Child ; Chromosome Banding ; Chromosome Disorders ; genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ; genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6 ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Intellectual Disability ; genetics ; Male ; Monosomy ; genetics ; Trisomy ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo study the pharmacokinetics of single administration and different compatibility of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in rats.

METHODThirty two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the TMP (30 mg x kg(-1)) group, the TMP+FA (30 mg x kg(-1) + 50 mg x kg(-1)) group, the TMP+TET (30 mg x kg(-1) mg x kg(-1)) group and the TMP+FA+TET (30 mg x kg(-1) + 50 mg x kg(-1) + 20 mg x kg(-1)) group. After the oral administration, their blood samples were collected to detect plasmas concentrations by HPLC method and to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters DAS 2.0 program.

RESULTIn compatibility with FA, AUC(0-t), Cmax and Tmax showed no significant difference with the single administration of TMP, but t(1/2) and MRT,, were obviously longer than the single administration. In compatibility with TET and FA + TET, AUC (0-t), Cmax and Tmax showed significant increase than the single administration of TMP, whereas t(1/2) and MRT0, did not notably vary from the single administration.

CONCLUSIONFA can prolong TMP's action time in rats, and TET can accelerate TMP's absorption in rats.

Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Coumaric Acids ; pharmacokinetics ; Diterpenes ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Interactions ; Female ; Pyrazines ; pharmacokinetics ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of prussian blue (PB) or its combination with hemoperfusion (HP) in the treatment of acute thallium poisoning. Methods: Forty-seven patients with acute thallium poisoning with complete data hospitalized in the 307th Hospital of PLA from September 2002 to December 2017 were enrolled, and they were divided into mild poisoning group (blood thallium < 150 μg/L, urinary thallium < 1 000 μg/L) and moderate-severe poisoning group (blood thallium ≥ 150 μg/L, urinary thallium ≥ 1 000 μg/L) according to the toxic degrees. All patients were given symptomatic supportive treatments such as potassium supplementation, catharsis, vital organ protections, neurotrophic drugs, and circulation support. The mild poisoning patients were given PB with an oral dose of 250 mg·kg^-1·d^-1, while moderate-severe poisoning patients were given PB combined HP continued 2-4 hours each time. The PB dose or frequency of HP application was adjusted according to the monitoring results of blood and urine thallium. Data of gender, age, pain grading (numeric rating scale NRS), clinical manifestations, blood and urine thallium before and after treatment, length of hospitalization and prognosis were collected. Results: Of the 47 patients, patients with incomplete blood and urine test results, and used non-single HP treatment such as plasmapheresis and hemodialysis for treatment were excluded, and a total of 29 patients were enrolled in the analysis. ①Among 29 patients, there were 20 males and 9 females, median age of 40.0 (34.0, 49.0) years old; the main clinical manifestations were nervous system and alopecia, some patients had digestive system symptoms. There were 13 patients (44.8%) in the mild poisoning group with painless (grade 0) or mild pain (grade 1-3) with mild clinical symptoms, the length of hospitalization was 17.0 (14.2, 21.5) days. There were 16 patients (55.2%) in the moderate-severe poisoning group with moderate pain (grade 4-6) or severe pain (grade 7-10) with severe clinical symptoms, the length of hospitalization was 24.0 (18.0, 29.0) days. ② After treatment, the thallium concentrations in blood and urine in the mild poisoning group were significantly lower than those before treatment [μg/L: blood thallium was 0.80 (0, 8.83) vs. 60.00 (40.00, 120.00), urine thallium was 11.30 (0, 70.10) vs. 370.00 (168.30, 610.00), both P < 0.01], the thallium concentrations in blood and urine in the moderate-severe poisoning group were also significantly lower than those before treatment [μg/L: blood thallium was 6.95 (0, 50.50) vs. 614.50 (245.00, 922.00), urinary thallium was 20.70 (1.95, 283.00) vs. 5 434.00 (4 077.20, 10 273.00), both P < 0.01]. None of the 29 patients died, and their clinical symptoms were improved significantly. All the 27 patients had good prognosis without sequela in half a year follow-up, and 2 patients with severe acute thallium poisoning suffered from nervous system injury. Conclusion In the acute thallium poisoning patients, on the basis of general treatment, additional PB in mild poisoning group and PB combined with HP in moderate-severe poisoning group can obtain satisfactory curative effects.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of prussian blue (PB) or its combination with hemoperfusion (HP) in the treatment of acute thallium poisoning. METHODS: Forty-seven patients with acute thallium poisoning with complete data hospitalized in the 307th Hospital of PLA from September 2002 to December 2017 were enrolled, and they were divided into mild poisoning group (blood thallium < 150 μg/L, urinary thallium < 1 000 μg/L) and moderate-severe poisoning group (blood thallium ≥ 150 μg/L, urinary thallium ≥ 1 000 μg/L) according to the toxic degrees. All patients were given symptomatic supportive treatments such as potassium supplementation, catharsis, vital organ protections, neurotrophic drugs, and circulation support. The mild poisoning patients were given PB with an oral dose of 250 mg×kg^-1×d^-1, while moderate-severe poisoning patients were given PB combined HP continued 2-4 hours each time. The PB dose or frequency of HP application was adjusted according to the monitoring results of blood and urine thallium. Data of gender, age, pain grading (numeric rating scale NRS), clinical manifestations, blood and urine thallium before and after treatment, length of hospitalization and prognosis were collected. RESULTS: Of the 47 patients, patients with incomplete blood and urine test results, and used non-single HP treatment such as plasmapheresis and hemodialysis for treatment were excluded, and a total of 29 patients were enrolled in the analysis. (1) Among 29 patients, there were 20 males and 9 females, median age of 40.0 (34.0, 49.0) years old; the main clinical manifestations were nervous system and alopecia, some patients had digestive system symptoms. There were 13 patients (44.8%) in the mild poisoning group with painless (grade 0) or mild pain (grade 1-3) with mild clinical symptoms, the length of hospitalization was 17.0 (14.2, 21.5) days. There were 16 patients (55.2%) in the moderate-severe poisoning group with moderate pain (grade 4-6) or severe pain (grade 7-10) with severe clinical symptoms, the length of hospitalization was 24.0 (18.0, 29.0) days. (2) After treatment, the thallium concentrations in blood and urine in the mild poisoning group were significantly lower than those before treatment [μg/L: blood thallium was 0.80 (0, 8.83) vs. 60.00 (40.00, 120.00), urine thallium was 11.30 (0, 70.10) vs. 370.00 (168.30, 610.00), both P < 0.01], the thallium concentrations in blood and urine in the moderate-severe poisoning group were also significantly lower than those before treatment [μg/L: blood thallium was 6.95 (0, 50.50) vs. 614.50 (245.00, 922.00), urinary thallium was 20.70 (1.95, 283.00) vs. 5 434.00 (4 077.20, 10 273.00), both P < 0.01]. None of the 29 patients died, and their clinical symptoms were improved significantly. All the 27 patients had good prognosis without sequela in half a year follow-up, and 2 patients with severe acute thallium poisoning suffered from nervous system injury. CONCLUSIONS In the acute thallium poisoning patients, on the basis of general treatment, additional PB in mild poisoning group and PB combined with HP in moderate-severe poisoning group can obtain satisfactory curative effects.
Adult ; Female ; Ferrocyanides ; Heavy Metal Poisoning ; Hemoperfusion ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Thallium/poisoning*