Objective To explore the preparation of liposomal clodronate and investigate its inducing effects on the apoptosis of peritoneal macrophages in rats after severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Methods Liposomal clodronate was prepared by means of thin film. SAP rat model was established by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. The peritoneal macrophages were obtained from SAP rats. After exposure to different doses of liposomal clodronate (50, 100,150 μl), the PM proliferation was determined by MTT colourimetry. The apoptosis of PM was measured by flow cytometry and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. Results The prepared liposomal clodronate had a suitable encapsulation efficiency of clodronate (5.8%) with an average size of 200 nm. The spherical shape of liposome was confirmed by transmission electron microscope. Exposed to liposomal clodronate of different doses resulted in a obvious growth depression (P＜0.01). The apoptotic rate of the PM was (10.32±0.34) %, (18.16±0.49)% and (29.87±0.35)% in three different dose groups and the difference was marked (P＜0.01). 1.2% of agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA extracted from apoptotic macrophages induced by liposomal clodronate showed clearer and characteristic ladder following the liposomal clodronate concentration. Conclusion Liposomal clodronate has a definite effect on peritoneal macrophages in SAP rats.

Objective To analyze the pitfalls of 18F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET-CT) scan in the diagnosis of 60 patients of tuberculosis mimicking malignancy.Methods The study included 60 patients with PET-CT diagnosis of probable malignancy.Fifty patients were proved to be tuberculosis by pathological examinations and 10 were diagnosed by clinical followup.The images of whole body were acquired at 60 min after administration of 222-555 MBq 18F-FDG.The PET-CT imaging characteristics and clinical data,including lesion size,distribution,standardized uptake value (SUV) were retrospectively analyzed.After the whole body scan of PET-CT,each patient had a chest spiral CT scan for detailed observation of lung lesions.Contrast enhanced CT (CECT) was performed in 8 patients.Results (1)Thirty patients were misdiagnosed as lung cancer,14 patients as malignant lymphoma,6 patients as malignant mesothelioma,3 as intestine carcinoma,2 as bone malignancy,1 patient as hepatocarcinoma,spleen malignancy,ovarian cancer,laryngocarcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma respectively.(2) 90.9％ (20/22) of patients showed normal level of serum CEA and 100％ (13/13) of patients showed normal level of CA199.Increasing serum CA125 was found in all patients (6/6) with activeTB patients accompanied with ascites,pleural fluid and (or) pericardial effusion.(3) 93.3％ (28/30)active tuberculosis showed accumulated 18F-FDG which was incorrectly interpreted as malignancy.The most common sites of TB lymphadenopathy were bilateral cervical tissues,which was accounted for 85.7％(12/14).CECT revealed characteristics of peripheral enhancement and central necrosis in tubercular lymphadenopathy,which was 87.5％ (7/8).Conclusions The diverse manifestations of TB on imaging and high uptake of 18F-FDG on PET imaging result in misdiagnosis of malignancy.It is important for radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians to identify the common imaging features and patterns of TB to make a correct diagnosis.Integration of reconstruction HR CT,PET-CT and lab examinations may improve the diagnostic accuracy.

Objective To study the clinical characteristics and to summarize our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of ectopic splenic autotransplantation (ESAP) many years after splenic rupture and splenectomy.Methods The clinical data of 15 patients with ESAP who were treated in the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou from January 1998 to January 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Of the 15 patients,2 patients presented with intestinal obstruction due to the ectopic splenic tissues and required partial resection of small intestine.In 5 patients,the ectopic splenic tissues were in the greater omentum which required resection of part or the whole of the greater omentum.In 4 patients,the ectopic splenic tissues were in the mesentery which required partial or total resection of the tissues.The ectopic tissues were in the pelvis in 3 patients and resection of the left fallopian tube was carried out in 2 patients and resection of the pelvic tissues in 1 patient.In 1 patient the diagnosis was made under laparoscopic biopsy,thus avoiding open surgery.Three patients had multiple implanted sites for these ectopic splenic tissues.Conclusions ESAP is an uncommon disease and it has no clinical characteristics.It is easy to confuse the condition with metastatic deposits.A diagnosis could be made only by combining the history with magnetic resonance imaging,or 99mTc study of red blood cells,or laparoscopic exploration and biopsy.

A microwave digestion system was preparation for the digestion of the sediment samples of 16 stations in the Southe mid_Atlantic ridge by using HNO3_H2 O2_HF as the digestion reagent. The rare earth elements ( RE ) in sediments were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and distribution characteristics of rare earth elements were studied. The microwave digestion_ICP_MS method was used for the determination of rare earth elements with a good linear relationship ( r=0 . 9997-1 . 0000 ) for each element. The detection limit reached ng/L level, the relative standard deviation ( RSD, n=3 ) was less than 3% and the relative error was 6%. The total amount of rare earth elements (ΣRE) in sediment samples from 16 stations varied in the range of 37. 25-134. 77 μg/g, the ratio range of light RE/heavy RE ( LRE/HRE) was 0 . 61-1 . 70 , the average value was 1 . 27 , and the enrichment of light rare earth elements in sediments was slightly obvious. The RE distribution patterns were basically the same in each station with obvious fractionation between LRE and HRE. The RE distribution patterns were also similar in sediments from different sources with slightly difference between terrestrial and marine sediments. The δEu and δCe in the sediments had negative anomaly which showed that the rare earth elements in sediments came from the seawater. This study first analyzed the content and distribution of rare earth elements in the southern Atlantic, providing data and technical support for further study of the distribution of rare earth elements in the Atlantic.

Objective To study the effects of elodronate-liposome on inducing apoptosis of alve-olar macrophages from rats with acute neetotizing pancreatitis (ANP).Methods The AMs of eight rats with ANP were isolated, purified then incubated from broehoalveolar lavage by the differing rates of attachment of the various cell types in a forty-well cell culture plate.Then they were randomized in-to five groups including control group,blank liposome group( 50 μ1, 100 μ1),clodronate-liposome group (50μ1,100μ1).Values of OD were determined by MTT.AO fluorescence and haematoxylin dye were employed to determine the apoptosis of the AMs.Results There were no significant differences be-tween control group and blank liposome group(50 μ1, 100 μ1).Significant differences were found be-tween control group and clodronate-liposome group(50 μ1, 100 μ1).There were no marked differences between blank liposome group(50μ1, 100 μ1)and clodronate-liposome group(50 μ1,100μ1).AO fluo-rescence and haematoxylin dye were available to define the apoptosis of the AMs.Conclusion Clodr-onate-liposome can effectively induce the apoptosis of the AMs.

Objective To investigate the apoptosis of Kupffer cell (KC) induced by lipsomal clodronate in rat with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). Methods Lipsomal clodronate was prepared by means of thin film, the model of ANP was established by injection of 5% sodium taurocholate of 4 ml/kg into the pancreatic capsule. The Kupffer cells were obtained from ANP rat. After exposure to different doses of lipsomal clodronate (0, 50, 100, 150 μl) , then the proliferation and apoptosis of KC was measured by MTT, flow cytometry and agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA. Results The prepared lipsomal clodronate had an average size of 100～200 nm, the spherical shape of liposome was uniform and confirmed by transmission electron microscope. When exposed to different concentration of lipsomal clodronate for 24 h, the growth suppression rate was 17. 4% , 24. 2% and 31. 1% , respectively, while the apoptosis rate of the KC was (14. 12 ±0.37)% , (18.74±0.43)% and (27.51 ±0.39)%, respectively; the difference was statistically significantly (P<0. 01) , the DNA of KC began degradation and gradually showed clear and characteristic ladder. Conclusions Lipsomal clodronate could induce apoptosis and suppress the growth of Kupffer cells in ANP rats.

Objective:To investigate the expression levels of microRNA-124 (miR-124) and microRNA-494(miR-494) in the serum of elderly patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and its clinical significance.Methods:Ninety PD patients (PD group) who were hospitalized in Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from March 2018 to April 2020 were selected.At the same time, 100 non-PD elderly people examined in the physical examination center of the same hospital who matched with age and gender of PD patients were selected as the control group.After 12 hours of fasting, 4 ml of venous blood was taken from all subjects.All PD patients were graded by unified Parkinson disease rating scale(UPDRS) from the aspects of mental state, behavior and emotion, quality of life and motor examination, and graded by the Hoehn-Yahr rating scale for Parkinson disease.The expression levels of miR-124 and miR-494 in serum were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), and the diagnostic values of miR-124 and miR-494 in PD patients were evaluated by ROC curve.Results:Hoehn-Yahr grade of PD patients with UPDRS≤60 points was significantly lower than that of patients with UPDRS >60 points((2.47±0.43) vs (3.42±0.47))( t=9.055, P<0.001), and there was no significant difference in serum miR-124 and miR-494 expression levels((0.72±0.14) vs (0.70±0.12), (1.17±0.19) vs (1.18±0.22)) ( t=0.633, 0.230, P=0.529, 0.819). Compared with that in control group, the expression of miR-124 in PD group was down-regulated ((0.71±0.20) vs (1.05±0.24)), and the expression of miR-494 was up-regulated((1.18±0.26) vs (0.96±0.22)) ( t=10.542, 6.315, P<0.001). The results of ROC showed that the area under curve (AUC) of serum miR-124 and miR-494 in the diagnosis of PD were 0.847 and 0.760 respectively, the cutoff values were 0.901 and 1.126, respectively, the sensitivities were 86.67% and 61.11% respectively, and the specificities were 75.03% and 79.00% respectively. The AUC of the combined diagnosis of PD was 0.898, and the sensitivity and specificity were 85.56% and 85.00% respectively. Conclusions:The expression of miR-124 is low in PD patients, while the expression of miR-494 is high, which suggests that the changes of the two miRNA levels may be related with the occurrence and development of PD.Both of them have a certain diagnostic value for PD, and the value of combined diagnosis is higher.

Purpose To investigate the diagnostic value of ~(18)F-flurorodeoxyglucose (~(18)F-FDG) PET/CT (positron emission tomography/computed tomography) on multiple myeloma.Materials and Method ~(18)FDG PET/CT imaging findings were retrospectively analyzed in 31cases with multiple myeloma proved by bone marrow aspiration or biopsy from August 2005 to June 2009. Results The PET/CT imaging characteristics were categorized into three types: ① osseous destruction (n=28): Osseous destruction with active metabolism was found in this type combined with no extramedullary organs involvement. The SUV_(max) ranged from 2.5 to 15.4, and the SUV_(arg) ranged from 2.0 to 11.3. ② Extramedullary organ involvement (n=2): Besides osseous destruction, extramedullary organs involvement were detected in this type demonstrating active metabolism in varying degrees. The SUV_(max) ranged from 2.2 to 8.3 and the SUV_(avg) ranged from 1.7 to 6.5. ③ Diffuse bone marrow infiltration (n=1): Diffuse hypermetabolism without osseous destruction was found in the whole body bone marrow with the SUV_(max) of 13.4 and SUV_(avg) of 8.8.Conclusions ~(18)FDG PET/CT can accurately demonstrate the morphology, extent and activity of multiple myeloma, thus facilitating the clinical staging, whereas multiple osteolytic osseous metastases and osseous lymphoma should be excluded for certain cases.

Objective To investigate outpatients' cognition towards common cold and their habituated medication so as to provide evidence for future public healthcare education.Methods Patients who attended hospital for diagnosis and treatment of common cold at least within past three months were asked to fill a questionnaire independently so as to learn their cognition towards common cold and medication habit.Results Among the patients underwent survey,52.2 ％ had incorrect knowledge about common cold; 2.99％ didn't know about the hazards of common cold; 34.80％ couldn't distinguish common cold from influenza; 30.07％ considered common cold couldn't get relief without treatment; 68.24％ didn't know about the proper effects of influenza vaccination; 6.4％ often took oral medicine even intravenous injection when they caught a common cold; 59.77％ often took medication from drugstore without prescription by doctor,and a few asked doctors to prescribe medicine on their request; 9.42％ didn't know about the side effects of drug for cold treatment; and 9.72％ didn't know about the active ingredients of drug for cold treatment.There were significant differences in the common cold cognition among population of different ages and education background.The older or the higher education status patients had a better cognition ( P ＜0.0 ).Conclusion There exist a certain degree of wrong cognition towards common cold among patients of different literacy degree and different age. Public health education on common cold need to be further strengthened.

Objective To investigate the cognition of the common cold and current situation of the treatment among physicians from various levels of hospitals in Chinese mainland,so as to provide evidence for future continuing medical education and rational medication.Methods A questionnaire designed for this survey was used to learn about the general information,cognitive degree of the common cold and prescription habits of physician who prescribed for cold within last three months,from various levels hospitals.Results A total of 1001 physicians were interviewed.Among them,749 physicians chose right options that the cold was the common cold and the influenza with 79.84％ in resident physicians and 56.76％ in chief physicians.A total of 745 physicians chose options that the course of common cold will be lasting 4 to 7 days; 895 physicians chose options that old people are the most susceptible for complication; 669 physicians thought the common cold was the most common infection in winter; 841 physicians used clinical methods to diagnose the common cold; 736 physicians thought although the cold was a kind of self-limited disease and symptomatic treatment could alleviate symptoms and improve life quality,patients should see doctor in time if it turns to severer; and 745 physicians held the opinion that treatment of the common cold should focus on relieving symptoms first. In addition, 61.60％ physicians had made prescription based on clinical symptoms; 505(54.24％ ) of them thought compound drugs were priority in treating the common cold.However,there were still 43 physicians prescribed antibiotics for common cold.Conclusions There is misunderstanding and discrepancy in cognition towards common cold and treatment among physicians from various levels of hospticals in mainland China.Physicians should standardize diagnosis and treatment for the common cold according to the domestic and foreign guidelines.