Over the years,the sociological and medical researchers have worked together on smoking cessation intervention model and conducted extensive programs to improve the confidence of smokers,to overcome the withdrawal symptoms and other difficulties in quitting,and to improve the success rate of smoking cessation.This paper reviews the major intervention models of smoking cessation and their implementation in recent years,including psychological intervention,behavior intervention,drug intervention and combined intervention;and also some intervention methods including acupuncture therapy,nicotine vaccine and others.The systematic implementation of smoking cessation model facilitates the success of smoking cessation.

Objective To explore the effect of rifampin liposome in treatment of tuberculosis in mice.Methods Sixty KM mice were infected by H37Rv to prepare tuberculosis model.Rifampin liposome was prepared by thin film dispersing method.Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups(15 mice each):group of normal control,empty liposome control,rifampin(10mg/kg body weight/day) and rifampin liposome(7mg/kg body weight/day).Rifampin and rifampin liposome were put into drinking water,respectively.Mice were sacrificed after one month of oral treatment to analysize the difference of lung weight and to homogenize lung,spleen,liver tissues to test bacteria burden(cfu).Results Lung weight was significantly different in rifampin and rifampin liposome groups when compared with normal control,empty liposome control groups respectively(P0.05) in two drug groups.Things were the same when compared bacteria cfu in lung,spleen and liver tissue.Conclusion Rifampin liposome may become a promising preparation in the treatment of tuberculosis which make it possible to reduce the clinical dose and thus weaken side effects of rifampin.

Objective To compame the lumbar hemp-epidural block anesthesia choose different combination puncture point in pregnancy on laboratory intraoperative anesthetic effect.Methods 110 maternals classified for ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱof lactation,according to random number tables were divided into two groups,Ⅰ group lumbar puncture points for L2-3 clearance,Ⅱ group of lumbar puncture points to L3-4 clearance.Both groups the waist hemp-epidural joint block anesthesia downlink cesarean section,and two sets of anesthesia effect-acting period,after the baby born of 1 min Apgar score before anesthesia,the average arterial blood pressure(MAP)change,the lowest rate,adjust the number,surgical operation bed at the start of the plane,need anesthesia epidural anesthesia,medication found during hypotension and breathing difficulties incidence,intraoperative nausea and vomiting adverse events were compared.Results The operations of the two groups were successful,and there were no complications in postoperation maternal and newborn.Difficulty breathing rate,hypotension incidence,the incidence of nausea and vomiting were obviously higher than Ⅱ groups was statistically significant lying-in woman,difference(2 cases,1 case,x2=14.7,11.5,all P＜0.01).Need to adjust surgery beds in the number,epidural drugs significantly higher than the average Ⅱ group Ⅰ group(38.2%,47.3%,25.5%,x2=12.5,14.8,18.4,all P＜0.01).Conclusion In cesarean section in the operation,lumbar hemp-epidural joint block anesthesia choose L3-4 puncture,can reduce anesthesia cause nausea,vomiting hypotension,spinal cord injury and taper adverse reactions such as the incidence,in safer surgery under general anesthesia successfully completed cesarean section.

Objective To study the effects of different anesthesia methods on postoperative changes in T-lymphocyte subsets and IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α in the patients undergoing operation of stomach carcinoma.Methods 60 patients with stomach carcinoma were randomly divided into group I(general anaesthesia)and Ⅱ(general combined epidural anesthesia).The level of T-lymphocyte subsets and IL-6、IL-10、TNF-αt were respectively detected and compared before anesthesia,2 h after anesthesia,ld and 6 d after operation.Results CD3+ 、CD4+ 、CD4+/CD3+ decreased,but IL-6 increased at the end of 2 h after anesthesia,l d after operation compared with those before anesthesia(all P＜0.05).While IL-10、TNF-α had no statistical significance(all P＞0.05).At 6 d after operation,the values recovered to the level before anesthesia in two groups.Conclusion The immune function in patients with gastric cancer decreaseed after anesthesia,it was more serious in geteral anaesthesia than that of general combined epidural anesthesia.But anesthesia had little influence on inflammatory response.

Objective To establish phage splitting method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and explore its application in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods Two hundred and fifteen sputum specimens were tested by L-J medium culture method,fluorescent microscopy method and phage splitting method concurrently.Results Comparing with L-J medium method,the sensitivity and specificity of phage splitting method were 71.0%,97.9%,respectively,however for routine microscopic method,the sensitivity and specificity were 55.7% and 91.2%.Conclusion With very high specificity and comparatively better sensitivity,phage splitting method can rapidly detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can be used in the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Objective This study is to compare flap-viability-related complications, coverage reach, recon-struction outcomes and donor-mobidities between distally-based peroneal artery perforator-plus fasciocutaneous (DPAPF)flap and distally-based posterior tibial artery perforator-plus fasciocutaneous(DPTAPF)flap for recon-struction of soft-tissue defects over the distal lower leg, ankle and foot, and thus provide evidence for selection of the flaps. Methods Between April, 2002 and February, 2012, 216 and 59 patients underwent the reconstructions with DPAPF flaps(peroneal group)and DPTAPF flaps(posterior tibial group)respectively. We subdivided the distal lower leg, ankle and foot into 12 subregions. In all the patients, flap-viability-related complications and its potential risk factors(including age,sex,etiology,location of top edge,location of pivot point,length and width of both the skin is-land and adipofascial pedicle, length-width ratio, and total length), coverage reach(the subregion in which the most distal part of the reconstructed defect lies),duration of flap elevation and hospital stay were compared between the two groups. In patients with at least 3 months postoperative follow-up, comparative study of reconstruction outcomes, pa-tient's satisfaction with flap appearance and donor-site morbidities were performed between the groups. Results Partial necrosis rate in the peroneal of the posterior tibial group were 12.0 percent versus 20.3 percent,respectively(P> 0.05). Marginal necrosis and overall complication (including partial and marginal necrosis)rates in the peroneal group(1.9 percent and 13.9 percent, respectively)were significantly lower than those in the posterior tibial group (8.5 percent and 28.8 percent,respectively)(P<0.05).Incidence of partial necrosis of the flaps for the defects over subregions 7 to 10 in the peroneal group(7 of 41)was significantly lower than that in the posterior tibial group(2 of 2).There was no difference in reconstruction outcomes and patient's satisfaction with flap appearance in both groups(P >0.05).Incidences of hypertrophic scar,itching and pigmentation at the donor site were significantly lower in the peroneal group(P<0.05). Conclusion DPAPF flap is superior to DPTAPF flap in reliability,safe coverage reach and less donor-site morbidities.The former is recommended as the first choice when local pedicle flaps are considered to recon-struct soft-tissue defects over the distal lower leg,ankle and foot.

Objective:To investigate the effects of mitochondrial arginyl-tRNA synthase (RARS2) on cell proliferation, invasion, migration and chemotherapy resistance of pancreatic cancer.Methods:Human pancreatic cancer cell lines AsPC-1 and PANC-1 were divided into negative control group, RARS2 interference group-1, RARS2 interference group-2, RARS2 overexpression control group and RARS2 overexpression group. Cell proliferation and sensitivity to gemcitabine were detected by CCK-8 assay, and cell invasion and migration were detected by Transwell assay. Western blot was used to detect the expression of RARS2 under different concentrations and different times of gemcitabine treatment. Western blot and PCR were used to detect the expression of RARS2 in gemcitabine-resistant AsPC cell.Results:Inhibition of RARS2 expression in AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced sensitivity of gemcitabine to chemotherapy. Overexpression of RARS2 enhanced cell proliferation and decreased sensitivity to gemcitabine. In AsPC-1 cells, the number of migrated cells (100×) in negative control group, RARS2 interference group-1, RARS2 interference group-2, RARS2 overexpression control group and RARS2 overexpression group were (586.7±37.4) cells/field, (195.7±18.6) cells/field, (237.0±17.1) cells/field, (157.7±19.1) cells/field, (456.0±23.1) cells/field, the number of invasive cells were (87.7±13.2) cells/field, (24.7±6.5) cells/field, (31.7±6.1) cells/field, (29.3±4.5) cells/field, (94.3±9.3) cells/field, respectively. The migration and invasion ability of cells were decreased after the expression of RARS2 was decreased, and the migration and invasion ability of cells were enhanced after the expression of RARS2 was increased. PCR and Western blot assay showed that RARS2 expression in the gemcitabine-resistant AsPC-1 was higher than that in the common cell line. In AsPC-1 cells, the expression of RARS2 increased with increasing gemcitabine concentration and treatment time.Conclusion:RARS2 promotes cell proliferation, invasion, migration and chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer, and expression of RARS2 is positively correlated with gemcitabine concentration and treatment time.

Pancreatic cancer is extremely malignant and has poor prognosis. Surgery is the only way for the therapy. In recent years, minimally invasive surgery has been developed rapidly in pancreatic surgery. However, pancreatic cancer is often accompanied with vascular aggression and inflammation, which greatly increasing the difficulty of minimally invasive surgery procedure. Its feasibility, safety and radical tumor cure are still controversial. In this article, combined with the existing guidelines and the latest clinical researches, we compared the application of minimally invasive and open surgery in pancreatic cancer and summarized the development status and controversy of minimally invasive treatment of pancreatic cancer. Surgeons should strictly grasp the minimally invasive surgical adaptation certificate, and further carry out clinical research on minimally invasive treatment of pancreatic cancer, so as to standardize and enhance the development of minimally invasive pancreatic surgery in China.

With the development of modern imaging technology and improvement of physical examination consciousness of people, the incidence of pancreatic cystic neoplasm (PCN) has increased significantly. The overall prognosis of PCN is good, and great progress in surgical techniques and multidisciplinary teamwork has been made in pancreatic surgery. Although many guidelines have been released at home and abroad, there are controversies in the differential diagnosis, operative indications, surgical procedure, and the follow-up strategies toward patients with PCN. There are also significant differences in the level of diagnosis and treatment of medical centers, which brings certain challenges to the standardized diagnosis and treatment of PCN. Based on the latest clinical guidelines and new developments in clinical researches, the authors summarize the controversies of different guidelines in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of PCN in order to further improve the standardization of the diagnosis and treatment.

Objective:To determine the expression of the E2F6 transcription factor in human malignant melanoma tissues and cell lines, and to evaluate the effect of E2F6 on proliferation, migration and invasion of a malignant melanoma cell line A375.Methods:Frozen tissues and paraffin-embedded tissue sections were collected from 50 cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma and 30 cases of pigmented nevus in Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from January 2012 to December 2017. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine the mRNA expression of E2F6 in the malignant melanoma and pigmented nevus tissues, as well as in 7 malignant melanoma cell lines (HM, A375, WM451, WM35, SK-MEL-1, Hs-695T and MDA-MB-435s) and pigmented nevus cells, and immunohistochemical study and Western blot analysis were conducted to determine the protein expression of E2F6 and β-catenin in the malignant melanoma tissues. An E2F6-inhibiting plasmid and a control plasmid were separately transfected into A375 cells by using a liposome-mediated transfection method, and the E2F6 gene-knockdown efficiency was verified by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay, soft-agar plate cloning assay, Transwell migration and invasion assays and 3D cell culture assay were conducted to evaluate the effect of E2F6 gene knockdown on the proliferation, migration and invasion of A375 cells, flow cytometry was performed to detect the cell cycle and apoptosis rate, and Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the protein expression of total β-catenin, activated β-catenin, c-Myc and cyclin D1. The comparison between two groups was carried out by t test, the comparison among several groups by one-way analysis of variance, and multiple comparisons by least significant difference t test; Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between E2F6 and β-catenin expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Results:The E2F6 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the 7 malignant melanoma cell lines than in the pigmented nevus cells (all P < 0.001). qRT-PCR showed that the relative mRNA expression of E2F6 was significantly higher in the cutaneous malignant melanoma tissues (0.000 55 ± 0.000 17) than in the pigmented nevus tissues (0.000 18 ± 0.000 09, t = 3.22, P < 0.001). Both the immunohistochemical study and Western blot analysis showed significantly increased E2F6 protein expression, but decreased β-catenin protein expression in the cutaneous malignant melanoma tissues compared with the pigmented nevus tissues (all P < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that E2F6 protein expression was negatively correlated with β-catenin expression in the malignant melanoma tissues (immunohistochemical study: r = -0.56, Western blot analysis: r = -0.63, both P < 0.01). After knockdown of the E2F6 gene in A375 cells, the mRNA and protein expression of E2F6 was significantly lower in the E2F6 inhibition group than in the control group ( t = 3.38, 2.76 respectively, both P < 0.001). CCK8 assay showed that the cellular proliferative ability was significantly lower in the E2F6 inhibition group than in the control group ( t = 4.58, P < 0.01) 48 hours after transfection; soft-agar plate cloning assay showed that the colony-formation ratio was significantly lower in the E2F6 inhibition group than in the control group ( t = 2.26, P < 0.001) ; Transwell migration and invasion assays showed that the number of cells crossing the chamber was significantly lower in the E2F6 inhibition group (165 ± 23, 96 ± 11 respectively) than in the control group (376 ± 22, 315 ± 31, t = 3.14, 2.12, respectively, both P < 0.01) ; 3D cell culture assay showed that the cell morphology markedly changed, and the invasive pseudopodia disappeared in the E2F6 inhibition group. Flow cytometry revealed that the proportion of cells at G0-G1 phase and apoptosis rate were significantly higher in the E2F6 inhibition group than in the control group (both P < 0.001). Western blot analysis showed significantly decreased protein expression of β-catenin, activated β-catenin and its downstream target proteins c-Myc and cyclin D1, but significantly increased protein expression of P21 in the E2F6 inhibition group compared with the control group (all P < 0.001) ; additionally, the E2F6 inhibition group showed significantly decreased protein expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related molecules vimentin and N-cadherin, but significantly increased expression of E-cadherin compared with the control group (all P < 0.001) . Conclusions:The E2F6 transcription factor is highly expressed in malignant melanoma. Knockdown of the E2F6 gene in A375 cells can inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion by antagonizing the β-catenin signaling pathway.